Chapter 1Notes on Root-Sounds

Book 7. Part Five: Essays and Notes on Philology · Section Three: Philological Notes

General

[1]

absolute existence relative existence pervasive, contained or progressive existence r

possession, mastery, creation, action r

attack, invasion, insistence, attrition or detrition r

contact, motion, action upon r

violent contact, hostile action, strong motion r

swift and brilliant action, existence, contact r

the same with a greater lightness r

restless, brilliant, decisive action, existence or contact r

the same with a greater lightness r

hardness, force, crudity — rajasic r

the same with a greater impetuosity — d[itt]o r

dulness, persistence, obstinacy — rajaso-tamasic r

obstinacy, tenacity s

touch, impact, — lighter than s&r

the same with greater force s&r

hard forcible impact or action s

softer but strong impact or action s

gentle but effective relation s

soft touch or impact, kindly relation, possessive action s&r

the same with greater force s

soft, strong embracing contact, possession, action s

the same with a sense of containing s

limitation, finality, completion s

relation s

love, sweetness etc in relation s

vibration, play s

manifest existence r

vehemence in union r

strong action in rest r

repose, union r

force

[2]

Sound Contact

Light

Pervasion

Substance

Motion t.. d.. t. d. th. dh.

c. j.

l. r..

a. i. u. t.h. d.h.

jh. ch.

v (pervasion)

k. g. gh. kh.

s. h.

p. ph. b. bh.

(violent motion, motion upward

or motion and contact) r (vibratory motion) n.

Roots in a

[1]

ap to move, flow, fly habitually .. move to, gain .. possess, marry, love .. beget, father. ar to move round .. (be moving continually in a circle), to writhe, struggle .. fight .. turn; plough; till; wind; .. adore, worship. as to be, exist .. live, live on .. eat; enjoy — (a´s) am to move up to, under etc .. to submit, be subject to .. consent, acquiesce .. adore, worship, love, to contain, embrace. an to be, breathe, live ..

[2]

Name of Vishnu (Virat-purusha —

). Name of Shiva, Brahma, Vayu or Vaishwanara.

N[ote]. It is doubtful whether

in the sense of Vishnu had in its origin any connection of dependence with

, the first letter of the sacred syllable; both rather proceed from a single & common origin,

to be, in the widest sense of the idea, being primal, all pervading, vague and indefinable. Hence it is applicable to any of the three great deities who occupy & represent infinite & universal being, Vishnu, Shiva or Brahma; by a natural figure emphatic of the sense of

it became applicable to Vaiswanara or Virat Purusha. By transference to the idea of pervasive life & movement to Vayu, the god of wind, breath & the life principle. Cf

The first letter of the Onk´ara, representing material world-being; from

to be, & bearing the sense of initial & pervasive being.

, (1) a negative prefix, expressing defect, absence or

opposition. (2) a prohibitive particle. (3) an interjection of (a) address, O! (b) pity, Ah!

The idea of defect or disparagement or deprecation visible also in the root

( etc) may derive (a) from the idea of unfinished & therefore imperfect being, (b) from the use of

as a separative & therefore exclusive enclitic, lit. = let be, exclude that, not that.

10 U. to divide, distribute, share.

[3]

An — to breathe

the soul, being

Rv. to move, go about

breath. Bri. U. to live (to gasp, pant — Vd)

etc.

mean, base.

Name of a

tree.

cart ..

fire .. wind .. bile .. boiled food .. rice ..

n of several plants kitchen

fifth Vasu .. N of birth

Vasudeva — living being ..

soul .. Vishnu .. parent

Supreme spirit

Vedic — thus, hereby,

indeed group, mass .. army (-) battle row, line, column front, head .. face,

in rows, columns countenance

army, form, splendour

lotus. edge, point.

wind .. Vishnu a man

men, people — son of Yayati.

foreign people (

Gr.)

human .. kind to men? greedy, lustful sloping.

after, behind, along, with

in abundance. Vd. according to — by reason of towards, near, at.

plank or board at side of

after .. afterwards bed or head —

from behind , watery place, marsh, bog,

favourably, -ble. - bank (mountain also),

following pond

horizontal, lengthwise buffalo, frog, elephant ..

behind. kind of partridge — attainable, friendly .. near water.

no, not

mouth .. breath ..

nose .. breathing food, corn, rice ..

mouth, face .. water, earth ..

book, chapter the sun

kettledrum

thunderbolt another

-, - -, -

, -

-, -

, -

- -, - - - to sound, breathe, live.

small, mean, insignifi-

low, inferior, vile () cant

— point of a needle,

linchpin linchpin

corner of house corner of a house

limit, boundary limit

edge of sword part of leg just above

knee minute, small, atomic

very small

smallness atom, particle .. instant

fit to bear a small grain

(Panicum Miliaceum)

a field of d[itt]o

(eg mustard etc) also

minuteness, atomic

nature .. Anima fineness smallness

very small, atomic ..

subtle .. acute Vd finger (Say.)? (Apte query)

fine hole in Soma strainer (?) (do)

[4]

Notes from OS [Old Sanskrit]

to breathe. Proof — from derivatives = originally life (cf

), then day =

, that which breathes, lives by breathing, snake = breath, spirit (), self, within, I .. I is the latest sense.

= that which breathes, lives, then the principle of life or existence, that which is sukshma, so, the atom OS desiderative, to wish to breathe, to live, to be.

breath, life, strength.

NB. Persian

from not to blow, (wind), rush, throw.

She who breathes, is strong.

. Pallas Athene to breathe, OS intensitive, eg

from

(strike), from

[or]

(measure),

from

. Cf

, ,

etc.

vigour, life, joy OS joyous. Cf Tamil

joy or joyous OS

Cf [5]

) raise, lift — excite, impel .. hang up, heighten .. take, bear, carry .. conceive, perceive .. take off, destroy .. weigh anchor, strike tents, start, set off. Rt used of all strong action, state, motion, feeling etc. So to raise, lift, increase; to throw, remove, destroy. All the other senses follow. Cf

noble, exalted, excellent, Lt [Latin] ara, an altar (high place).

, to undertake, commence; bear, suffer; carry away. A frequent sense of this root from the sense of taking up, leading or acting (starting action). Cf

, I begin, lit. I lead.

Roots in i

-Family of Sanscrit Roots Being to be, appear (obsolete, extant in Latin, Bengali and Tamil) .. “This here”.

hence, henceforward .. from this person.

Vedic — emphatic particle = indeed, verily .. even; just, only thus, so.

(

)

— Perhaps

, , thus, so, in this manner thus, indeed, truly.

even, just, only.

this .. here, now, there, herewith ,

, so much, so large, to this extent ,

, here , like, as if .. a little, perhaps .. just, exactly, indeed.

this, him — in Vedic such a condition.

, verily, now, this, here.

Cf * produced, effected this, he

, Vishnu

Shiva thus, then.

etc.

here, in this place (perhaps Motion)

Birth, Production to appear .. spring from, arise from (but cf

)

to become pregnant produced, effected ( history, narrative, tradition

tradition)

to prepare, arrange*

and

to dispose

mother.

people, subjects — cf

, to produce (C[ausative]) .. to rise, spring from

H but see Motion Growth.

See also words meaning plants.

to thrive, prosper.

wealthy, opulent to grow .. prosper, swell, rise, extend.

increased .. a man .. prosperity. (

fire)

prosperity, happiness — (

fuel, also

)

, + wonderful

wonder

in affluence, increase to swell, increase. + spring

, to grow.

Mass, Thickness, Dullness.

, , a round small plate to protect hand in taking fire-irons deaf , - (also

, -

, &

, -

)

a building made of rubbish, bones or hard substance .. a tomb or wall round bones .. a sanctuary filled with relics to keep still, quiet .. sleep motionless.

brick

, pond, mud. + , , earth (lit. matter).

(but also possibly Motion)

food

, sap, refreshment, drink .. food.

(also water),

, Strength, Force and Power.

having a lord or master to be powerful

Indra .. lord, prince .. the soul .. greatness

, -

, +

(hall).

Vd. sense to be determined.

power, force .. organ of sense .. virile power, seed.

the Supreme Being.

to be lord, take possession of .. to invigorate .. (to force, compel).

able, strong, bold lord, master, king

(try to reach or get)

seize, take possession of. + king

power or servants. Cf Gr

strength.

to be master of (prepare, arrange, dispose). Perhaps active, powerful .. lord, master.

strength, power, sap strong, powerful to be active, animate, strengthen powerful, strong, active invitation, order to be able, have power .. own .. rule, be master.

, , -, - , -,

Force put forth, Action, Exertion effort, exertion .. deed, act, undertaking

d[itt]o attempt.

Pressure, Constraint, Confinement, Attack, Injury, Penetration to resist, oppose .. annoy (Injury) + plague, distress .. infectious disease, affray.

See below — to eat — Cf , to censure, blame.

wasp.

a kind of poisonous insect to force, compel misfortune, misery to bind rat, mouse

(

to gnaw)

sin, offence, fault, crime .. censure, blame .. unhappiness ,

, ( plague etc)

cruel, harsh .. low, vile, despised .. poor (cf

etc) eunuch.

enemy, foe.

, - bolt, bar.

, wound, sore

a plaster for wounds.

destroying the enemy. Vd.

, - destructive, carnivorous.

a cave animal weapon .. cudgel .. short sword.

fire to hurt, attack, kill weapon, arrow, dart H Motion to be probed

probing (driving, pressing)

a probe Emotion.

Wish, Desire, Love to ask, beg.

asking, requesting

longing for, seeking to obtain wish, desire Kamadeva to desire, wish .. beg asking, requesting + longing for, seeking to obtain. Perhaps to wish (only in

)

wish, desire, will

question, problem — (Math)

, implore, request, ask for.

prayer

, (+

object of devotion)

wish, desire ,

, - to wish, desire, strive for, seek, request .. acknowledge, regard, be favourable.

, , to implore, ask, desire oblations , to desire, wish, aim at, attempt.

, to desire, request, attempt.

, Worship to be worshipped teacher, Brihaspati .. Pushya .. God .. Vishnu.

worship, reverence .. image object of devotion Joy, Mirth.

to gladden

in Veda.

Tamil to be merry, frolicsome, mischievous. Perhaps however from motion Anger, Jealousy to be jealous to be angry, insolent, hostile , to be jealous, envy.

, anger Motion to go, approach, go towards, reach .. run, wander .. retire, pass, return ,

(mode of going, course, way),

(traveller), an abhisarika litter, palanquin.

an unchaste woman ,

a course, way to go ( I U.)

going, walking .. walk, path, road .. entrance .. method, shastra, treatise .. sun’s passage, solstitial points, rotation, period .. final emancipation to come, approach etc.

(horse .. custom)

to go, pervade.

a kind of fish .. breath, to throw

expiration ,

, = black antelope — but see

under Light to move, shake ,

palpitation, shaking ,

sign, gesture, hint a kind of counting = , to go meeting, union .. bawd, procurer.

a shrimp to tremble, shake, move, stir.

to go

to drive ,

, to go, move. = to go, go to, towards .. make haste .. to err. ( )

a cow a wild goat

rainy season a bull allowed to go at liberty a kind of sheep a ram, wild goat.

() ( ) river, flowing stream black antelope ()

but see Light ()

, = to go, advance .. press upon, rush upon. to drive to try to reach, strive to get. Perhaps from to go, pervade, surround. (

? rat — already under Attack etc). = elephant ,

, = to go to lead earth, water .. spirit, liquor

instigating.

to go, move, shake .. rise, spring from .. retire to elevate the voice Cs [Causative] to throw, cast, propel .. urge, prompt .. attract, elevate, revive .. produce.

wind

wandering about (as a mendicant)

agitated arm, forequarter (part used in throwing)

to go, move, throw, send, cast a ram, wild goat. =

I U.

to move, to cause to move .. fly off, escape .. to go, move

IV. IX let fly, cast, throw, strike .. sprinkle .. raise the voice, impel, incite.

speedy to move, excite, drive sending, despatching impulse arrow

reed, arrow

, quick, moving.

quickly impulse, hurry course, going to fly, escape .. creep.

course, going ,

hastening

haste to go, approach, hasten towards .. creep, glide .. fly at, attack .. endeavour to reach or gain ,

, Speech (Motion) see

, ,

speech utter, proclaim, say.

(send up or out the voice. See Motion).

Knowledge, Memory (Motion)

remembered knowledge knowledge + to see, observe, perceive. (But perhaps to penetrate,

Penetration)

, + to look, see.

(Penetration)

Voice a large bee noise, cry loud, noisy.

Perfume ( )

name of a perfume ( )

names of a perfume

(n) the fragrant bark of the Kapittha cardamom seed & plant

a kind of perfume.

a medicinal substance or plant.

Light (beauty)

(), to shine one (originally the sun) — cf , -, -,

, ,

, = ( )

to shine = , (

) to kindle, light ,

, -

(also clean, clear, bright), ,

fuel

, the supreme being sunshine, heat .. refulgence .. *wonder * wonderful, obeyed.

fire ( )

blue lotus

, Lakshmi

moon

one (cf

) ( )

sun .. glorious .. the constellation Hast´a the stars in the head of Orion ( )

dappled, shining deer, antelope .. deer-hide .. variegated colour

, = flash of lightning,

submarine fire (therefore not speed)

lightning Iravat (

), rainbow .. a kind of lightning

orange tree (therefore not motion)

( )

light, splendour. ( )

(

, -) Kuvera ,

Mars

Roots in k

[1]

class meaning Brahman, Vishnu the soul mind body

knot, joint Kamadeva

happiness, joy, pleasure wealth, property

happy, prosperous sun

fire

light, splendour king, prince bird, peacock, king of birds word, sound time () cloud water wind, air hair head (as in

)

suffix diminution (

) deterioration ( bad horse) endearment (

) likeness ( like a horse) no modification ( a horse)

Gutturals I A. to wish

desire to be proud

feeling to be unsteady (

to go)

movement ? ? a kind of bird. Vd

sound (perhaps

)

to laugh

sound a kind of animal bakula tree , - a berry bearing plant " , -

the berry — a perfume

from the berries to laugh hard, solid laughing chalk (non-existent)

hiding place (cf

) >

secret. V

to contain, cover (with

the idea of circle, hollow) interior of forest arm-pit

(boils in arm-pit) harem of king side or flank (of anything) gate part of boat girdle

(elephant’s rope or girth)

waist filling the girth (V. Say.) surrounding wall orbit of planet end of lower garment

(tucked behind =

also tying up waist)

basin of a balance climbing plant, creeper

(contain, embrace,

surround) grass, dry grass

(consisting of dry

grass or of shrubs) V. dry wood, forest of dead trees

(injure, hardness — pressure, projection) buffalo

(to dig, grub, burrow) marshy ground

(cut, plunge, sink?) a plant (beleric myrobalan)

waist, middle part

(contain, surround) enclosure

" court-yard, area

" room, inner apartment, harem,

secluded part of edifice (i.a. of palace)

a particular part of a carriage

(also hinder part) upper garment

" border, lace (of cloth)

" wrist

" similarity

(to press, nearness,

adjacent) emulation, rivalry

(injure, strive, fight) objection or reply in logic

(injure, press, cut) the jeweller’s weight, rati

(from

a black or red

berry)

star

(light, twinkling?) sin

(to injure, hurt)

fingers

(contain, curl, clutch,

hold)

cf agreed to, promised

(contained, taken in,

clutched, held)

to lie in ambush

(contain, enclose)

to intend anything wicked

(injure, hurt etc.)

the Rishi to laugh at, deride

(harsh sound)

enclosure, division of large

(contain, enclose)

building to act, perform

(cut, make, do)

to go

(movement)

heron

(sound) Yama

(injury, movement) a Kshatriya .. a Vrishni ..

Yudhisthira

(injure, fight) a false or pretended

Brahmana

(injury, bad, wicked) name of a people one of the eighteen divisions a sort of sandal

(contain, bind, tie) scent of a lotus

(smell)

, mail, defensive armour,

(contain, enclose) -

military accoutrement elephant’s goad (

)

(injure, cut, prick)

, bracelet, marriage string,

(surround, contain -

ornament

or sound) crest

(jut, project)

water-spray

(sound, move, project)

, small bell, tinkling ornament,

(surround or -

ornament furnished with

sound)

bells , - , -, - comb

(to press, cut, scrape)

a kind of tree a poisonous animal

(to injure)

bad, vile, despicable

(to injure)

butter-milk

(taste) a high number = 100 niyutas

(mass)

skeleton

(to contain)

body

the inner body

a kind of crow Alangium Hexapetalum a kind of drug a kind of corn , - ,

, -

a kind of

medicinal earth , - Asoca tree see not used enjoyment; fruition

(desire, enjoy)

not in use , a kind of Panic(?) seed the hand

(to contain, clutch,

enclose)

[2]

Root

Injury

Sound I.A.

to hurt or kill

to call

to grieve .. cry, weep. IV.A. to be confounded, confused,

suffer mentally.

- , -

, -

, -, -

, -, -, - = slaughter, havoc .. war .. sin

Injury (Pressure)

canopy, awning.

Contact = Pressure

= Covering.

, codome, turmeric, mustard seed - plant, kind of grass, mineral substance

codome flower, kind of grass , multitude, group.

Contact .. or Mass.

a saw .. an iron goad

Pressure = Injury. name of a tree (used for sacrificial post in place of Khadira)

, - a corn (on the feet)

Mass, Hardness.

coagulated milk.

Mass, Density.

, -, - plaintain-tree (

)

a kind of deer.

a kind of antelope , flag, banner.

a sort of cucumber, a beautiful

woman.

Root I.P. to cry, lament ..

confound .. be confounded,

perplexed.

-, -, -, -, -, -

, -, -, -, -

—— , - bulbous root, bulb; knot, swelling garlic

taste, smell an affection of the male or female organ.

an esculent root; bulbous-rooted.

camphor

Colour, Whiteness?

, a palanquin.

Motion? Covering?

, white waterlily

, -

Colour, Whiteness

blue lotus

white or blue

lotus , - a cave, valley ..

, -

Injury.

a hook for driving elephants.

dry ginger.

Taste.

reproach, censure .. portent.

Injury plaintain-tree

Kandala flower new shoot, sprout .. cheek, cheek and temple

Mass collection. sweet sound

Sound budded, blown .. put forth, emitted.

gold

Colour war, battle, controversy flag

see deer

see

motion? lotus seed name of plant boiler, oven.

, ball

mass pillow

mass

[3]

The Vowel Group.

earth.

Inclusion ( Mars, a tree

Sita, Durga)

Roundness * (vague

whence .. where .. existence

why .. how .. or direction)

whence come;

how happened

where.

wise, proficient, expert.

Inclusion

Roundness ( or

whole, entire .. circle .. complete science)

base (of any plane figure).

N. etc which may originally have derived from the primary root

by gunation, are nevertheless included for convenience under the root Significances of the primary form

Roundness, inclusion, comprehension The Gunated Form.

1.a. , armour, mail .. charm,

Covering,

amulet

inclusion.

armorial

an armed multitude

armour.

shield a staffless umbrella.

, leaf or panel of a door

)

water for washing the mouth

Inclusion

(lit. a mouthful)

(in the mouth)

a mouthful .. gargle

eaten, swallowed,

chewed .. seized

to eat, devour.

mouthful.

oblation of food to the Pitris

a class of Manes (but cf

)

c. prisoner (cf

)

Inclusion, , ,

the bit of a bridle

Confinement.

intelligent, wise; a sage, poet.

Inclusion,

poetry

Comprehension.

to praise, describe .. compose, paint, picture

prophetic, poetical, praise-

worthy

intelligence

poem, poetry, wisdom,

inspiration

lecturer.

mixed .. set, inlaid .. varie-

mixture

gated , (,

) braid or

mixture, twisting,

fillet of hair

weaving.

prickly shrub.

Piercing, hurt,

bad deed

injury.

Vd. selfish, stingy.

a female fiend.

lotus.

lotus

Brightness.

tepid

Heat.

saffron

Colour turmeric ,

kettledrum

Sound , Vd. sounding, creaking. // cock .. Chakravak.

, -

salt .. sourness, acidity.

Taste

happiness, welfare.

Emotion.

a courtesan.

Sexual enjoyment

mushroom

moss

Substance (Thickness, tuftiness)

water.

Motion (swelling or circling)

Significances of the gunated form

Inclusion, by covering, taking in, confining, comprehension.

Thick, tufted or rough substance .. Circling or swelling motion .. Strong taste .. Shrill or loud sound .. Brightness, bright colour or burning heat .. Mixture, connection .. Penetration, hurt, injury .. Strong emotion .. Sexual enjoyment.

The Guttural group 1.

a cock ..

Sound.

a small house-lizard.

(adj),

poulterer.

a cock.

a dog.

cuckoo .. frog .. wild lizard ..

ruddy goose .. wolf.

cuckoo.

a wisp of lighted straw .. spark

Light — firebrand.

(

) a fire

(a) blaze.

made of chaff — see below

saffron .. saffron-plant.

(b) Colour.

red lotus.

white horse varnish

a vegetable perfume

Scent 4.

a spirituous liquor.

Intoxication. Disturbance.

5.a

armour, mail.

Covering,

inclusion b

belly

Inclusion,

belly .. womb .. interior ..

hollowness

cavity, cave .. scabbard.

gluttonous, voracious

.. filling the interior.

abdominal .. attached to

the sides.

in the belly, in the sheath

sword.

hole, ditch (filled with stakes).

to take, accept, seize.

I.A.

Inclosing, grasp,

clutch, etc.

mountain

Substance.

(

) chaff.

(Projection .. Roughness, con-

fusion, mass)

Doubtful — ,

giver of a girl in marriage

child, infant (cf B.

)

from Sound.

silk-cotton tree.

The Palatal Group. 1.

to cry shrilly

VI.P.

Sound

to murmur

I.P.

to hum, coo, warble, moan ..

fill with sound

I.P.

cooing,

warbling .. rattling of wheels.

to go

VI.P.

Motion with

to move crookedly, move

contraction

towards

(winding, crouching etc)

3.a.

(VI.P.),

(I.P.) to contract, bend,

Pressure

curve .. make small, lessen.

(contraction

to shrink ..

etc)

to stop, impede

curving, bending.

drying, withering, aridity.

drying, withering b.

to mix, connect.

(mixture, contact,

connection)

to polish.

(friction) d.

*to write, delineate.

(cutting, shaping) e.

key, a kind of reed .. the shoot

(penetration,

of a bamboo ..

sharpness)

key.

tooth, tusk .. *lower jaw

(? substance,

projection)

elephant.

(adj)

breast, teat, nipple.

Roundness (Shape

or Pressure)

a kind of lotus.

a pencil, small brush

Substance (rough-

ness, thickness eg tufted, hairy ,

mist, fog

etc)

sour gruel 6.

a measure of capacity, 8 hand-

Inclusion

fuls. (originally, name of a vessel?)

house-breaker ,

bower, arbour .. cave.

Doubtful

a disease of the eye.

a festival (Lakshmi Puja).

[4]

Family — arranged by classification of significances

and by root groups — Guttural group.

to take, accept, seize. I.A.

one who gives a girl in marriage.

(

)

a kind of spirituous liquor.

a mountain (

)

a wild cock, cock. (

) —

Sound. either

or also

, a small house-lizard

Sound a spark

Light a wisp of lighted straw ..

(fire) the silk-cotton tree.

a wild cock .. a cock ..

sound. varnish.

Light? (shining)

a dog — also

(

) a vegetable perfume.

Scent.

the belly.

belly .. womb .. interior .. cavity, cave .. sheath of sword.

gluttonous, voracious .. filling the interior.

Hollow. Contain.

saffron .. saffron plant.

Light (colour)

cuckoo

; frog; wild lizard

Sound. .. ruddy goose (chakravaka) .. wolf. (

to tear?)

red lotus

Light (colour)

white horse (

)

Sound or

Light (colour)

firebrand

Light (fire) + of a cock.

a poulterer. + attached to the sides .. abdominal in the belly, in the sheath ..

sword.

Palatal group.

to cry shrilly. VI.P.

sound to go, (march) cf vernacular

movement march.

to polish

light (shine) pressure to contract, bend .. shrink .. stop,

pressure impede. write, delineate mix, connect. (cf

proximity,

mix (substance,

copulation)

contact)

, I.P. to shrink, contract .. make small, lessen

Pressure crookedness to bend, curve. move crookedly.

crookedness move towards.

motion.

female breast, teat, nipple.

Roundness?

a kind of lotus. + curving, bending .. a disease of the eye.

measure of capacity (eight handfuls)

a key ..

Substance (Narrow-

ness, penetration the shoot of a bamboo.

Sharpness a kind of reed

Sharpness.) a kind of fish , a pencil, small brush

Substance (rough,

thick, hairy) + drying, becoming dry drying, withering, aridity.

a tree.

Light (colour) Mars a name of Naraka Sita, Durga.

Light? (colour)

, housebreaker. (

Cover, cf

Contain.

, ,

mist, fog

Substance (to be thick, hazy,

confused)

to murmur I.P.

Sound , bower, arbour .. cave .. lower jaw

Projection tooth .. tusk.

Tearing, Penetra-

tion.

elephant .. cf

Penetration (goring with tusks)

sour gruel.

Substance (to be thick, mixed)

I.P. to hum, coo, warble, moan ..

Sound. fill with sound.

, ,

cooing, warbling ..

Sound. rattling (of wheels).

a festival (

Cerebral group.

to be crooked, curve, bend VI.P.

Pressure, curve. to cheat, deceive, act dishonestly

Crookedness, or

Injury, deceit to break, split, divide

Breaking, splitting (Pressure) √to speak indistinctly

Sound √to be warm, burn.

Light (Fire)

bent, crooked

Pressure (curve) √ , waterpot, jar.

Contain √house, fort

Contain mountain hammer

Pressure (breaking) tree female servant.

a plough without a pole.

Pressure (breaking)

the post round which the string of the churning stick passes. (peg?)

Penetration √ roof, thatch.

cover, contain. √ (a lost

) arbour .. cottage.

cover, contain.

√a garden near a house (enclosure?)

cover, contain.

√measure of grain (

) sage, ascetic √ lotus √ Vd. cock (pecker?)

Pressure tent.

cover, contain see √ roof, thatch

cover, contain √ cottage, hut

d[itt]o √ body .. cottage, hut.

contain tree — curve, bend

Pressure (curve)

crooked, curved, tortuous

do insincere, dishonest.

do (or Injury)

a kind of perfume

Scent name of a plant tin

Substance (hard-

ness)

stealth, crouching a blacksmith’s forge.

Pressure (beating) — curve √cottage, hut ..

Contain vessel used for fumigation nosegay

Substance or Scent √a kind of perfume

Scent. √spirituous liquor.

cf procuress.

, (see

) sexual intercourse — exclusiveness.

include, contain see procuress.

, √ household, family

contain (or else,

sexual intercourse) √ , kinsman .. offspring, race .. fig. group. name √ , householder .. caretaker. member of a family peasant. √ mistress of a household .. lady. a large household.

to cut, divide .. grind, pound.

Pressure (break,

beat) blame, censure.

do √burn multiply

Connection dividing, cutting, grinding

Pressure cutting, pounding .. abusing multiplier grinder

Pressure kingfisher

Pressure or Motion one who divides or cuts

do unskilful opening of a vein

do affected repulse of embraces.

a mountain sexual intercourse a woollen blanket

Substance or Cov-

ering — exclusion or oneness.

Contain, include ,

inlaid floor, pavement.

Substance prepared site

Substance jewel-mine

Substance

thick, granular, variegated pomegranate

Substance (grain) √hut, cottage, small house

Contain paved, mosaic.

maid-servant, slavegirl small mountain.

Substance. √ small house, hut

Contain. √ see √X.U. to burn to confuse, muddle to be distressed, despair to counsel, advise √to call, invite. X.A. to censure to abstain from giving false despised immovable, steady.

Substance , fraud, deception, trick ..

falsehood, untruth intricate point, puzzle summit .. any projection .. end,

Substance corner.

(projection) horn .. head, chief ..

( prominence, elevation) heap, mass.

in heaps.

Substance hammer

Pressure (beat) ploughshare

Pressure (break) √water-jar

Contain — deer-trap

Conceal, cover — concealed weapon (eg swordstick)

Conceal, cover — door

(shut off, include)

√house, dwelling

Contain an ox with broken horns

Pressure (to break)

false, fraudulent braid or tress of hair

Substance or

Pressure √perfume.

Scent.

(-) hypocrisy hypocrite, falsely humane mendicant arbour .. creeper wound round a

cover, curve. trunk. thatch, roof .. hut .. granary.

cover, contain a tree with sharp thorns (torture in Hell)

, -

a bilious fever of elephants fat, corpulent

Substance.

I.P. to be blunt, dulled .. be dull, idle, lame, mutilated

Pressure. to loosen (relax)

do X.P. to hide

Cover, conceal blunt, dulled .. stupid, weak, indolent a fool blunt, dulled .. stupid mutilated grasped, held ..

Contain (seize) encircled

Contain (roundness)

√fort .. hut, shed

Contain crookedness

Pressure (curve) beard.

Substance —

rough, hairy curving, bending √ a thatcher .. name of a mixed caste — , hollow of a tree

Contain. Hollow-

ness.

, a naked woman .. Durga ..

sexual intercourse.

, curved end of a bow .. end,

Pressure (curve point, edge ..

or prominence) pitch, extremity .. horn or digit of moon ten millions side of a right-angled triangle complement of an arc to 90o.

forming the highest point

edged, pointed horn-shaped hair of ascetic ichneumon.

Pressure (gnawing)

Indra , harrow

Pressure (breaking)

diadem, crest .. hair of ascetic.

Projection √ fort, castle

Contain see

also libertine

(sexuality) well ..

Contain. Hollow-

ness stairs of a pond

do fortified town, stronghold.

Contain.

ringworm .. a kind of leprosy (large round spots) + living in one’s own house, independent domestic, homely fraudulent .. snared + fraud, falsehood .. perjury + , a trapper, poacher a meatseller. + belonging to a trap .. dishonest, fraudulent + ,

crookedness .. dishonesty, wickedness. + hunter blacksmith. + ,

Durga √+ belonging to the household √+ family relationship √+ constituting a family householder.

to play, trifle cf

VI.P.

? motion √ a bower, arbour

(cf

)

cover, contain. √ , a measure of grain (8 hand-

substance or

fuls)

(? originally a vessel)

contain √ body

contain √ hut

contain √ waterpot

contain. — clasp of an ornament

contain, confine √ opening bud

( flower)

contain √ expanding, blossoming √ a particular hell. √ in blossom .. smiling, cheerful √

.. half-closed. — wall .. plastering

confine, enclose eagerness, curiosity (cf

)

emotion.

VI.P. to graze to become firm or solid .. to

substance

become fat.

(thickness) — to support, aid VI.P.

to sound. VI.P.

sound. √converse with, counsel, advise

sound

X.P.

(hum, whisper) √salute, invite X.P.

(call)

sound.

to speak, converse

sound to contract, close

pressure , ,

a cripple with crooked

arm.

whitlow

pressure

distortion or paralysis of

Substance

the hands.

(projection)

young animal just born.

, - corpse

goblin, demon.

Pressure (slay)

spear ..

Pressure (pierce) foul smell, stench.

scent.

Vd. crying out

Rv. 3.30.8.

horn of an animal

Projection or

Penetration peg of a lute.

Substance or

Penetration corner, angle ..

Penetrate,

Sharpness bow of lute intermediate point (compass) sharp edge stick, staff, drumstick

Pressure Mars .. Saturn. a sort of musical instrument.

to burn .. maim, mutilate. I.A.

Pressure (cut) to eat

do to heap

Substance — to protect X.U.

Cover, enclose — basin, bowl .. hole, pool

Pressure. Curve. Hollow bastard Durga keeper of concubines .. atheist

.. bastard Brahman a vile fellow.

, –

gruel. — (- ) bracelet, earring .. rope-coil

curve, enclose

.. fetter, tie — earringed .. circular, winding,

coiling. a snake, peacock, spotted deer. Varuna, Shiva. — Shakti

do drawing a circle to show

“omission” — pitcher .. kamandalu.

contain horse.

motion. Shiva.

, — strong.

The Dental Group.

fire .. sun.

Burning guest .. Brahmana Dwija daughter’s son .. sister’s son ox. grain a musical instrument the eighth muhurta of the day a suitable time for Sraddha Kusha grass.

desire, inclination .. curiosity,

emotion

eagerness.

small leathern oil-bottle.

contain desire, eagerness, curiosity ..

a curiosity delight .. pleasure

emotion

desirous, eager, curious (

) a solemn ceremony wonderful .. celebrated .. praised,

excellent.

to abuse, revile, censure ,

abuse, reviling expression of contempt vile, mean.

censure.

a lance, spear

spear-

Pressure (pierce)

man, lancer small animal, insect

? smallness a kind of grain

? smallness passion

emotion hair, lock

Substance (tufted, hairy) drinking cup

contain plough

pressure (break) barley

Substance (rough)

a perfume

scent.

butter knife

Pressure — pierce , ,

elephant’s housings,

Cover

carpet.

to stink, be putrid

substance.

Kusha grass

Penetration or

Light (colour)

putrefaction, corruption, sore,

Substance

gangrene disease of the eyes. churning

Pressure churned, afflicted.

do to suffer pain, hurt

do cling to.

Contact.

, ,

spade, hoe

Pressure

(

to tear, pierce) Kanchan tree.

a copper pitcher

Contain see , watch house a dwelling raised on a scaffold

projection mountain

possibly for

(

mountain, king)

mountain ebony fetter

hold, confine son of Br. woman by Rishi, be-

gotten during menstruation.

, (-

) bow .. (m.) eyebrow.

a kind of grain a kind of grain (

)

sochal salt.

a fisherman .. man of mixed

caste hollow below hips —

Curve, Hollow crow cuckoo.

, -, -

an aquatic bird.

, a jasmine

scent or colour lotus ..

a multitude of

scent or colour

lotuses a fragrant oleander

scent Vishnu

Play? a turner’s lathe

curve. one of Kubera’s treasures.

Light (brightness)

cat.

motion rat, mouse

motion.

The Labial Group.

IV.P. to be angry, excited ..

emotion

Cs. to irritate, excite X.U. to shine

Light to speak.

sound anger .. morbid irritation.

emotion passionate, angering —

emotion

physically irritating angry

do a kind of perfume

scent.

angry .. angering .. physically

emotion

irritating a water pigeon Vd. the beam of a balance a weaver

? Curve, rolling a net for small fish fisherman despised, contemptible .. mean.

base metal.

well .. cave, hollow.

curve, hollow leather oil-vessel

contain mooring post .. tree or rock in

projection.

middle of river mast.

small well .. navel flask, bottle well .. hole, cavity .. cave ..

hollow, contain

leather oil-vessel. hollow below the loins

hollow mooring stake .. mast .. rock or

(Subst) projection

tree in midst of river funeral pile.

(Subst) heap boat.

hollow, contain stone or rock in mid stream.

in a well or hole ocean

(cf

cover or curve,

)

roll — cf

bladder.

substance (swelled)

well-water of a well.

pudenda ..

cover, conceal loin cloth .. ragged garment

do sin

do Kuvera humpbacked, crooked ..

curve hump .. curved sword

name of a tree eight-year old unmarried girl.

forest ..

substance (thick) hole for sacrificial fire .. ring

Curve thread cart.

contain.

hump-backed

curve. beautiful, agreeable.

play, please.

, - carriage-pole

projection hunchback

curve carriage-pole

projection carriage covered with cloth

or blanket.

carriage woman’s headdress(?)

cover. upper part of club a thick petticoat

cover or substance enclosure round sacrificial

contain

ground.

see Appendix.

boy, youth .. unmarried youth

.. prince, Skanda, Agni.

to play, sport. parrot.

child .. pupil of the eye.

prince ,

girl .. virgin .. Durga. large cardamoms name of several plants.

abounding in girls.

white waterlily

colour red lotus

colour. unfriendly .. avaricious , - white waterlily .. silver (n)

.. camphor (m)

colour red lotus

colour Vishnu

? play, please the Southern elephant. a species of monkey.

? play white waterlily — a group of

lilies abounding in lotuses.

waterlily collection of lilies.

month Kartik.

moonlight .. Kartika or Aswin

full moon. festivity.

, Vishnu’s mace. + youthful .. maidenly .. soft, tender .. + childhood .. maidenhood + father of girls + son of unmarried woman.

pond, pool soft, tender, delicate

please — play handsome, beautiful

or substance water

Substance. clay.

fibres of lotus-stalk.

pitcher, jar.

funeral urn.

contain frontal globe of elephant.

curve a measure of grain

contain. Kumbhaka in Yoga.

do paramour of harlot.

(sexuality) please, play a kind of heart disease.

harlot.

(sexuality)

fragrant resin base of a column .. Kumbhaka.

a disease of the eyes. (harlot,

small pot)

elephant. crocodile

pressure (bite)

a fish.

? a kind of poisonous insect

(do) a fragrant resin (

see

housebreaker —

Pressure (break) plagiarist wife’s brother. child born untimely.

water jar .. earthen cooking

contain

vessel. a measure of grain

" name of several plants Punnaga tree catamite a swelling of the eyes.

shark

Pressure (bite)

crocodile

do Liquid roots.

or to sound

Sound crane

Sound , osprey.

f. osprey .. ewe

place abounding in ospreys.

deer

motion crab

(Rt

to tear)

pressure shoemaker

cf , ,

yellow amaranth

colour or substance

do , (-) a species of amaranth

do n. flower of amaranth hydrocele

substance (thick-

ness, swelling)

osprey .. curl, lock of hair , light bay horse with black

legs a kind of grass.

a headdress for women copulation.

(sexuality)

priest (

to do)

action boiled rice. (

to do?)

, -

substance or cook a weight of gold (700 Troy

grains)

a kind of pot-herb horse red amaranth

colour or substance wooden doll, puppet

substance wife of a teacher yellow or white amaranth.

colour or substance bird with plaintive cry

sound

(osprey?)

kind of orange.

colour lock of hair

curve or substance ruby. n. ruby .. black salt

colour mirror.

, boiled rice

cook or substance servant .. shoemaker.

bud ..

budded

close or substance moveable joint

bud .. lotus stalk fibre

" a kind of perfume

scent.

ground, reduced to particles.

pressure or

substance.

see or dog

(

sound cock ..

sound rubbish or ,

brush, pencil

substance key

penetration bud, blossom

substance inspissated milk

substance needle.

penetration , bunch, bundle .. handful of

substance

Kusha beard .. peacock’s feather ..

brush finger & thumb for pinch.

pressure. upper part of nose .. hair

substance

between eyebrows head

substance or storeroom.

contain (- ) deceit .. bragging ..

injury, deceit

hypocrisy.

stuffed, puffy

substance.

or , to leap, jump, frolic

movement, play.

leaping, sporting

full moon of Chaitra .. festival

of Kamadeva.

or , elbow, knee

substance (projection)

bodice

(

or tortoise one of the pranas .. a nyasa of

the fingers.

adj. of kurma.

to accumulate, collect I.P. to go on continuously count, reckon to be related .. behave as a

kinsman house ..

contain race, community, family, troop,

gang, nation body

contain front part

Prominence —

superficies a blue stone

colour head of a guild by birth ,

of good family

, ,

a thief

contain chief of guild .. craftsman of

good birth anthill

Projection collection, multitude number of verses grammatically

connected a sort of prose composition with

few compounds craftsman of good birth .. chief

of guild kinsman see

2. a mountain highbred horse ..

Tantric a disease of the nails.

relating to the house or race ..

well-born.

a respectable man.

friendly enquiry after family

affairs bone .. flesh.

Substance winnowing basket.

a virtuous woman canal, stream .. dike, trench.

Pressure, Cut a measure of grain 8 dronas.

contain cymbal

sound or pressure. beating time in music adoptive son unchaste woman a kind of pulse a blue stone used as a

colour

collyrium eddy

, bitch

dog, hound treasure nest .. body .. place, spot ..

contain

a case, receptacle web dovecot, aviary

contain potter wild cock .. owl

sound blue stone

colour horse of light brown colour lizard hand

contain, seize.

bird .. sparrow .. mouse

sound (- ),

crab ..

Pressure ,

thunderbolt .. Vd axe,

Pressure

hatchet(?) point or end.

wife’s elder sister.

water

motion wild kidney bean fur or foulness of tongue.

substance firebrand.

a disease.

sin .. joint of arrowhead & shaft a grain .. n. gruel V. bald, bare.

to cover, hide, screen, protect

cover enclose

contain keep off, obstruct, prevent.

shut, enclose.

shore, bank .. slope .. edge,

contain

border.

, rear of army pond

Pressure, dig heap, mound.

)

substance.

hog, boar

Pressure (gore) raft, boat

contain breast .. hip, lap

contain embrace

" Saturn outcast, barbarian Tola black pepper a kind of berry heron bug body of a lute , ,

jujube plant , -

uproar long pepper a lefthand Tantric lefthand Tantra ancestral, hereditary, family

.. well-born.

, of good family bastard.

son of a female beggar .. bastard

, earthenware .. (a.) of a potter.

weaver .. impostor, heretic .. Tantric son of beggar .. Tantric evil report .. scandal ..

Substance

scandalous act

(mixture) combat of animals .. cock fighting

.. war, battle high birth .. family honor pudenda.

dog, hound. * a fire of chaff = (or )

flower, lotus

Light, colour

waterlily

waterlily .. blue lotus.

lotus.

sun

beautiful, agreeable pearl .. water .. belly of a serpent.

motion, winding

motion ocean.

swelling motion fold of door

close & shut or

hard substance , (

) weaver

Twisting, weaving fishbasket.

Probably

Roundness

or Twisting * camel * a tree hunchbacked.

Crookedness.

a carriage pole

Projection.

belonging to Kuvera The Sibilant Group.

to shine

Light — Brightness to shine sun, fire.

Fire

burning, scorching flower

colour

flowery menstrual discharge

do ashes of brass (used as

burn

collyrium)

fire.

fire

Roots in ch ( lost root, to cut .. cover etc .. move sharply.)

pure, clean .. trembling, unsteady.

a part, cutting.

covering, concealing .. quicksilver (lit. swift, rushing) .. infant, child (B.

)

house (to cover)

cut, divided. P.p. of shade (to cover

) .. reflection, likeness, phantom .. line, row (to cut) .. protection (to cover) .. colour, light, beauty (to shine, probably

) .. bribe .. Durga .. shadow of gnomon .. Sun .. nightmare = a goat,

(Atri),

(also adj, Aries),

(also adj).

goat’s milk .. an oblation.

, dried cowdung (to cover, smear?)

a fire of dried cowdung. = mass, number, assemblage .. continuous line, streak .. collection of light, lustre, splendour (to cut, to glitter — so a group, a streak, glitter, splendour).

= mushroom,

, umbrella.

(also barber),

umbrella bearer Temple of Shiva; conical beehive; kingfisher (darter, swooper).

house, bower, arbour (to cover).

pupil .. a kind of honey.

(see

)

honey in the comb or hive = to cover, veil; spread .. hide.

covering, wing, leaf, sheath, case.

roof of house or carriage.

concealing .. cover, screen, leaf, clothing, darkening.

hide, skin.

, (also desolate, solitary, private)

a secret.

disguise, pretext, fraud .. thatch, roof

(

; rogue) = to cover .. please, gratify; be delighted in, persuade, coax. (to play)

pleasing, alluring .. praising .. private, solitary, secret (to cut, separate)

wish, fancy, liking, whim, free will .. meaning, purport .. subjection, control .. pleasure, delight .. poison (to cut, destroy) .. appearance, look, shape (cf metre .. to cut, divide, form, shape)

protector pleasing, charming

gratified, pleased.

wish, fancy, will, pleasure, free will, intention fraud, trick (to cover) metre, prosody, Veda. (to cut, divide, shape).

metrical; made at will metrical, Vedic .. a Vedist belonging to

(?) = to eat, consume. (to cut, destroy, devour?)

an orphan; man without relatives to go, move. = fraud, deceit .. plea, pretext, disguise .. roguery, knavery, wickedness .. fiction .. design, device, intention.

(to cover, cut, hurt. cf

) .. family cf ,

, (swindling)

, bark, rind .. spreading creeper .. offspring, progeny, posterity. cf , bark, bark garment. = to go, move, approach ( (lost) .. to cut, make a sharp movement or sound)

abuse, reproach.

sneezing used as P.P. of

to cut = to cut, lop, mow; hew, tear, pierce, split .. divide .. break, disturb .. destroy, remove, deprive cutting

breaking, cutting .. broken, hostile, knavish (ifc) .. divisor, denominator axe, fire, sword, rope.

cutting, dividing axe, thunderbolt .. cutting off fit for cutting .. hostile, fraudulent p.p. also tired, broken with fatigue strumpet a cutter n.

also: failure, solution, cessation, interruption, destruction, deprivation .. a cut, incision, bit, section, mark or notch, a divisor , (also a bit, section),

, amputation cutting, breaking .. carpenter .. thunderbolt (

) = tame, town-bred, shrewd, trained in town cunning ( ,

)

a bee .. a kind of assonance (

) (lost Rt

to sting, to pierce, penetrate, so shrewd, trained, tame). = a goat an orphan

Termination

as in Probably abandoned, forlorn, a deserted child or foundling a cane (

to cut?) = to cut, divide .. engrave, inlay, smear, cover, mix.

(lime),

(aban-doning, leaving) cf Bengali

to throw to cut, clip off to cover, hide, screen — (lit. to partition off, cut, cover; cf

) = to touch.

touch .. shrub, bush (,

) .. combat, war (lit. rush, shock cf

) .. air, wind (cf the next, lit. rushing) .. active, zealous, swift Ved. chin = retaliation, counteraction .. ray of light (lit. segment) = to cut, sunder .. mow, reap snapping thumb & forefinger together.

fisherman (one who snaps up fishes) = citron, lime musk-rat (frisking, active?)

hue, complexion, colour .. beauty, lustre .. skin, hide. (to cover, to shine)

kindle, shine .. play .. vomit; (caus.) pour out, spit out, eject. (to throw)

to vomit.

vomiting vomiting .. house, secure place or residence. (to cover)

to pray, beg, request The roots of the ch family are a subsection of the palatal group and have as their base of significance the guna of narrow & intense penetration, separation and fine distinction. In action their sense is to cut, split, divide, separate, in motion to dart, leap like the lightning, race, drop suddenly or dart up, throw, project, eject etc, any narrow or intense action or motion. From the sense of to cut off it comes to mean screen, hide or cover. We have in the sense of a sharp touch & by detrition of meaning simply touch,

(

) snapping of thumb & forefinger. Applied to light it means a sharp glitter or intense light.

Classification Action I. To cut, divide & derivate meanings; separate .. shape; destroy, consume ..

to cut, divide, with its derivates,

a knife, etc .. also to engrave. derivative sense .. to cover, smear, inlay, mix.

to cut, clip off in the sense of shrub, bush to cut, mow, reap abuse, reproach (figurative from the original sense)

cut to cut, split, destroy etc, with its derivatives.

, ,

shrewd (penetrating); town-bred, trained, tame.

a bee (to sting)

a part, cutting line, row, streak (a cut, streak, sharply outlined impression)

cut, divided.

to eat, consume private, solitary, secret.

poison .. shape, look, appearance metre, prosody, Veda ,

orphan, solitary or lone man II To cover (cut off, screen, separate, hide), deceive; protect to smear, cover, inlay, mix to cover, hide, screen skin, hide house, secure place, residence covering, concealing house shade, with derivative meanings. Durga (protectress)

dried cowdung (smearing, cf

)

disguise, pretext, fraud etc with its derivatives , ,

bark, spreading creeper etc mushroom umbrella with derived & kindred words.

a house, bower, arbour a pupil (to protect)

to cover, veil etc. with its derivatives (esp.

skin,

roof)

protector to cover III darting, leaping, to move off, go; throw, eject; quick or decisive motion or contact or sound.

to touch touch; active, swift .. air, wind .. combat, war (origl.l.y charge or shock)

retaliation, counteraction snapping of thumb & forefinger.

muskrat to play (dart about) .. vomit, eject.

to vomit, with its derivatives sneezing a goat quicksilver

a bribe (to please, gratify)

, ,

etc, a goat.

trembling, unsteady to go, move to go, move, approach kingfisher (?)

to please, gratify (lit. play, cf

) with its derivatives to pray, request (to please, woo, flatter)

IV to glitter, shine — any sharp light ray of light lustre, beauty; hue etc kindle, shine pure, clean (lit. bright)

colour, light, beauty .. Sun ..

collection of light, lustre V to collect, heap up.

(either from separating a part, or from putting in place)

mass, assemblage.

VI offspring, family (perhaps from the idea of small, little

, a child or else from the idea of group; probably the first)

infant, child (cf

a shrub)

, offspring, progeny (cf Bengali

)

Doubtful words chin. Possibly the sharp point of the face fisherman (one who snaps up or destroys)

citron, lime. Rt

(to titillate, sting, irritate?)

, an orphan, solitary man.

(to separate, cut off = forlorn, desolate, deprived, astray)

kingfisher (the darter, plunger)

Roots in j and jh

[1]

Being. I To appear, become, be born etc.

born from, produced, made of, belonging to.

a father, birth, production (- ) insect .. animal being born again to be born, produced, spring up, be, become, occur, be possible.

creature, man, person .. race, nation, people .. Janaloka.

birth, production ,

, -, -, -),

(-, -),

, ,

(-),

, ,

, , a young animal a child.

body .. animal.

mother.

to live.

(-),

(-, -

), (- ),

(-),

, ,

, * water, earth, means of living, life, existence.

well-born.

II. To open, appear, gape, stretch, expand .. be clear, known , to yawn, gape.

yawning, gaping .. explanation, interpretation ,

, knowing, understanding at all, ever, possibly .. perhaps, sometimes .. sometime .. apparently.

to know, learn, test, recognise. to engage in , ,

(-, -

, ,

, genuine, true.

to open the mouth, pant, gasp to advise, instruct to gape, yawn .. open, expand .. increase, spread, stretch .. appear, be manifest .. be at ease .. recoil.

(-, -

) * Varuna III. To grow, be luxuriant Ketaka plant .. moss.

river.

citron tree (

)

citron (- ) rose-apple.

rose-apple tree.

, a tree, Ketaka plant.

pasture grass.

, China rose.

jasmine plant

(also nutmeg)

Kadamba tree.

unblown bud.

() plaintain tree.

ewe. (fleecy)

moss.

III a. To be thick, close, plentiful, abundant larger, greater .. surpassing, excelling .. elder, senior ,

(-, -

, -),

, (

) collection, assemblage, mass .. pride, arrogance (ostentation, pomp)

governor of a province.

assemblage, multitude.

cluster of young buds.

IV To cover, protect, conceal .. deceive, cheat.

to protect.

attendant, guardian armour roguish, tricky, knavish pudenda; hips, buttocks; rear, rearguard.

(penis).

low, base, vile .. hindmost, last.

Sudra.

belly, stomach .. womb .. hole, cavity, bosom, disease of bowels cavity, receptacle.

a quiver screen, curtain, sail nest .. net, snare .. coat of mail .. magic, illusion (-),

(-), a cloud to protect vulva.

V. To be thick, firm, hard, prominent; matted, tangled; numb, inert, cold.

(- ) forest, desert ridge over field, landmark.

(-) flesh, meat.

(-, -

to clot, become matted or twisted.

, , a fibrous root .. root, branch.

Indian figtree (

) .. bdellium.

waveleafed figtree (

) .. elephant 60 years old. * long pepper mud, mire a braid of hair.

, matted hair. = a mark on forehead of cattle freckle, mark collarbone * knee = hard, stiff, firm .. old.

hard, solid .. hardhearted, cruel.

flesh.

Shiva .. a devotee of rigid austerities. = cold, frigid, chilly .. numbed, dull, inert .. dumb, dull-witted, apathetic .. numbing, stupefying cold, frost, winter .. dullness, stupidity water .. lead.

, water, *(embryo of cow, Purvashadha)

, (

) water .. healing (cooling) .. happiness water.

slow, lazy.

VI To bind, attach etc .. pursue, study bound, tied.

to bind.

to observe a religious obligation.

to reason, think .. investigate, examine.

joint.

VII. To be in pairs, together, repeated; to enjoy sexually, to love, pity; to enjoy, be pleased, satisfy etc .. any close relation the burden of a song, refrain.

a pair * (

) Gemini.

tautology.

, to copulate.

husband & wife wife wife, daughter-in-law (cf

)

daughter; daughter-in-law son-in-law .. lord, master (husband)

*sunflower.

customary, usual (go together) .. peculiar to, belonging to (go with).

sister .. daughter .. daughter-in-law .. near female relation .. virtuous woman .. relationship. *

seventh or wife’s house in the horoscope.

paramour, lover

)

praise; greeting, invoking (

to woo)

to please, satisfy .. grant, bestow.

to be pleased, gratified, favourable .. to like, enjoy, choose .. to possess .. to practise, frequent, visit.

(-)

woman = enjoyment pleasure, happiness .. affection Janaloka (Anandaloka)

mercy, compassion, tenderness.

Motion.

swift speed, swiftness.

, a bat

, swift

(-, -

, ,

) = to go. * chakora.

to go to move, go to go towards, reach .. strive after .. pant, gasp to go; send, throw, cast, direct to go, move to press, hurry on, urge .. impel, drive .. excite, animate.

, to go near, approach = leg, shank .. thigh .. part of bedstead (-),

(-)

tail, thigh.

tongue tongue; sentence to be active, lively .. urge, impel, excite .. animate, promote.

to sprinkle.

cart. * water, earth * peacock .. a cloud.

river, stream.

quicksilver.

Indra’s banner. = to let go, free, release.

abandoning, leaving.

quitting, abandoning.

to abandon, quit .. exclude, set aside

(-)

to liberate, release.

slough of snake.

Strong or violent Contact, Pressure. I To hurt, kill, injure, destroy poison .. imp, goblin * weapon striking, killing poison, venom

, to hurt, injure, kill to hurt, injure, strike.

weapon.

Time thunderbolt cruel, harsh, rash

, demon Time to kill, hurt.

decrease, loss.

deprivation, loss to hurt to hurt, injure, kill .. to be angry with to hurt, injure, kill to hurt, kill.

a female demon.

II. To fade, perish, decay, grow old .. be exhausted, weary.

to be exhausted, tired

, dim, pale-coloured.

fading away to wane, decline, perish to waste, decline, perish .. become old.

, to grow old.

to wear out, decay, perish, break to pieces, dissolve, be digested .. grow old ,

, ,

, very old growing old to grow old.

, to grow old.

III To pierce, divide.

a ploughshare a harrow sword .. cumin seed .. an atom cumin seed

, an axe.

a part, portion.

IV. To bite, snap, eat, consume to eat, consume, destroy.

, eating, consuming eaten

, to snap at .. crush, destroy.

to eat.

(-) a jackal .. low man jaws, tooth .. biting, eating .. chin.

leech leech ,

, a bird to eat.

a dog V. To grind, pound, press out to grind or pound to reduce to powder, grind, pound.

(- ) water of boiled pulse.

VI. To bend, twist.

sloping, oblique, crooked, wry .. dishonest bowstring .. chord of arc.

bowstring .. chord of arc VII. To ridicule, slight, laugh, censure, threaten to laugh.

censure, abuse jesting at a bridal.

to disregard, slight.

, ,

threaten, menace, blame, censure.

VIII To overpower, oppress, fight, conquer, excel.

victorious, conquering a conqueror , to fight , warrior, fighter.

Janamejaya (conqueror in battle)

war, battle Son of Indra; Shiva, Vishnu.

daughter of Indra .. Durga .. flag, banner .. Dasera barley.

to conquer, win, surpass .. *expect from (exact)

(-),

, (-, -

)

to overpower, oppress.

(overpowering force, importunity)

to overpower, conquer to excel, to humiliate IX. To burn, be hot, glow .. heat.

(- ) fire.

fire.

burning to be hot with fever .. to be diseased.

, to blaze, burn brightly, glow, shine.

, to burn fever .. feverish heat.

Light, Colour lustre moon * a kind of yellow fragrant wood to shine to shine

(-, -

, (-

(-),

(-, - )

Jupiter.

, ,

lac.

, = Smell a kind of fragrant wood (cf

above) * nutmeg.

, a pole-cat.

aloe wood. = Sound.

to make a dashing sound to mutter, repeat (-),

(-, -

, to speak, talk .. murmur .. babble, chatter .. praise.

, tinkling of metallic ornaments , ,

to say, speak.

Doubtful Words.

Conjectural Derivation cow-dung

to be thick , - a liquor

to taste strong.

Shiva.

imp, demon declining, rejecting .. dismissal, completion.

a goatherd gold

(Dhattura).

bed, cot a leather bag a cloud .. mountain .. nourisher, sustainer .. Indra.

, ,

a small house lizard heated chamber; dry hot bath ,

Malay mountain longings of pregnant women wild sesamum

elephant a tree Benzoin.

Being. To be thick, matted, tangled

( V. III a)

to become matted, confused, entangled arbour, thicket.

jasmine-plant

, tree, shrub, bush.

(-) thicket .. betel nut.

betel-nut tree forest, wood, jungle.

Motion wind & rain, hurricane

cf Beng.

, wind & rain, gale, hurricane.

quickly, at once cascade, waterfall

cf Beng.

(-, -) cascade, spring, fountain, stream.

spring, jump, leap.

, ,

a monkey, ape Ganges.

a fish.

ball at end of spindle.

to go, move.

Contact, Pressure To hurt, destroy; eat; waste, grow old; heat, burn; bend; censure; fight; rub.

to injure to hurt, kill.

Kaliyuga lost, destroyed .. asleep, sleeping anything lost a thing lost or mislaid = to eat, consume = to grow old = harlot, whore. = To heat, burn heat, warmth

to hurt, burn burnt brick.

to burn. * a torch, firebrand

to shine, burn a forest on fire

to burn burnt rice.

to shine, burn. = To bend , - a curl, lock of hair a cane staff. = To censure threaten, menace .. blame, censure. = To fight prize fighter = To rub a rag for rubbing on colours or perfumes — dirt rubbed off by the application , ,

, cleaning sores cf Beng.

to sweep,

a broom.

small whetstone for sharpening needles.

Light. * girl, daughter

O.A Rt

to shine, be beautiful sunshine, light, splendour

do light, lustre, splendour

do sunshine

to shine, burn.

sunlight, light, splendour

do purity; moisture

to shine pigeon.

do Sound jangling, clanking etc .. beating time a low murmuring sound, buzzing, tinkling, twanging etc Ganges jingling, clanking, rattling, ringing.

clanking etc (-) jingling sound

, = (-) a sort of drum, cymbal sound of splashing or dropping

[2]

( ) The fundamental sense of this root seems to be a sudden and violent breaking out into aggressive existence, movement, action, emotion, contact, sound, or a hard & aggressive condition.

Primitives.

to make low or humiliate .. to excel.

to grow old, wear out, decay, perish, be consumed, to be dissolved or digested, break or fall to pieces.

Derivatives causing to decay, digestive a wasting; a digestive or condiment; stimulation of digestion; calcination.

paramour, lover .. intimate friend adulteress

Durga Derivatives of old, aged, worn out, decaying (tr. intr), consuming wearing out, wasting .. destruction old, aged, decrepit .. bent, drooping, pale, yellow, hardhearted, cruel. hard, solid .. ripe, mature old age.

old, aged, decrepit .. digestive ,

cummin seed old age, praise decayed, old (Vedic) old age.

old, aged, decrepit, an old man.

, an old woman an old man .. a buffalo.

age, decrepitude .. digestion praise, invoking slough .. outer skin of embryo .. afterbirth uterus, womb.

old, decayed.

old .. an old man.

Vd. old age, decrepitude flesh.

speaking harshly.

old, decayed .. the moon .. a tree.

vulva .. an elephant.

to hurt, injure, kill .. be angry .. grow old speed

praising, invoking The Sun

swift, speedy Brahman Anger A fiery weapon The body.

fever .. morbid heat Secondary.

Ved. to hurt, kill .. burn , open, expand, burst open .. increase, extend, spread. appear, rise be at ease recoil, fly back , -, -

yawning, gaping .. opening, blossoming .. expansion, bursting open yawner (a demon) .. - swelling yawning, gaping gaping, yawning, stretching of limbs; blossoming. - causing to gape or yawn.

yawning .. open, expanded .. blown .. enlarged done, exerted .. - gaping, opening, expansion, blooming .. developing, coming into view

Roots in t.a, t.ha, d.a, d.ha Pressure — I. With division. a. To cut, split etc .. dig (with

) to scrape, scratch, bore or pierce through .. (Rt. by itself, to cover, bind).

(- ) hatchet, axe, stone-cutter’s chisel; sword; a chasm, cleft; spade, hoe (- ) spade, hoe.

vile, cruel .. harsh (cf

)

hatchet.

a catamite.

a hollowed cocoanut. = b. A member, part, limb .. small, little.

a quarter or fourth part. (?) (- , -) leg

(

) More probably to stand.

a dwarf.

small, little II. With impression. To stamp, touch, mark.

an object of sense (lit. impression, expressing)

, a stamped coin.

(-),

gloss, commentary (lit. to mark).

III. With deflection. Crooked, wry.

, squint-eyed.

squint-eyed IV. With restraint. To bind, fasten to bind, fasten.

binding, tying.

V. Formative. To make, form One who changes shape at will (probably a name of Twashtri)

Consistency. I. To stand; abide; be firm

Shiva an oath (cf

etc)

Shiva leg (-

, -, -)

(- ) slope of a hill, declivity, peak. Cf ? (- ) wood-apple tree .. its fruit.

Possibly from taste.

the earth.

Concealment .. Covering .. Containing.

to cover.

(- ) the sheath of a sword To Move. I. With idea of Pressure.

direct, throw, cast.

(sending, casting) Bg. To press II.

to move, go.

a horse.

to move, go, resort to.

a kind of horse Shiva.

wanton play, sport.

libertine, lecher.

Disturbance.

, to be disturbed, confused Bg. to stagger, be shaken.

, ,

confusion confusion (- ) anger, pride.

surprise, wonder.

the god of love.

Sound.

twang.

twang .. howl, cry, shout .. rumour, fame.

twanging.

small house-lizard.

musical instrument .. kettledrum .. jest (lit. laughter); so, lie.

sound of a drum.

clang, twang.

(--),

a kind of bird.

Light gold.

Taste.

borax.

(- ),

) borax.

, borax spirit of wood-apple (- ) wood-apple fruit .. the tree.

Doubtful One who changes his shape at will — (fickle, changing?) Perhaps to make.

Pressure. I With bending .. or else, formation circle, globe .. disc of the sun .. a cypher.

II. With restraint. To bind, fasten a girdle. III. Impression an object of sense.

Consistency.

hoarfrost a place, sacred or frequented.

idol, deity (), Shiva .. a title of honour.

Sound a loud noise Sound a sound; a kind of drum or tabor.

the lute of the Chandalas.

to sound tumult .. affray, riot .. intimidation by shouting.

rout, panic flight.

uproar, riot, rout .. turmoil .. riotous, tumultuous .. any surprising or disturbing sight.

a small drum.

the clang of a bell a kind of small drum.

affray, riot, sound of terror.

Motion.

to throw, send , to throw, send, direct.

throwing, casting forth to fly, push through the air .. go.

flown

flight flight .. a palanquin (conveyance)

sling, basket.

Cf Bg.

to sway,

etc.

, foam; (also a cuttle fish bone).

a sling basket.

Pressure. I Formation, Production, Collection, Solidity.

resembling (beautiful)

collection, mass .. show, pomp, arrogance .. resemblance.

, ,

to collect.

a wooden antelope.

a wooden elephant .. an admirable Crichton.

a fool, blockhead.

globe, ball, egg .. chrysalis .. spleen, uterus .. embryo.

, a young child, cub.

, a lustful woman.

a snake (not poisonous) .. (to coil cf

)

a fat man.

II Injuring, Killing, etc to hurt, injure a knave, cheat .. depraved fellow .. an insult. (? throwing, casting forth).

Shiva , a she-goblin, Demoness.

terrible.

III Binding.

thread, string.

IV. Fixity.

to order .. to behold (fix with the gaze)

V. Heat, Burning submarine fire.

Disturbance, Agitation I Physical to mix , ,

a Dom (or else like Chandala)

Mental fear Doubtful.

gallinule.

a small owl a young woman servant famous, renowned.

one of the ten kinds of drama N. of a people.

Sound.

a large drum, a sound.

a large double drum a large drum, tabor.

Motion (pressure)

seeking, investigation Ganesha.

go, approach .. (cs. to present, offer) B.

to push in, enter.

offering, present, bribe.

Pressure. I Bending a dog’s tail II Biting a dog; serpent.

III Covering disappearance.

to cover.

shield

a shielded warrior Emotion coveting.

Doubtful goose.

The Root dal

[1]

Sanscrit.

to burst open, split,

. Lt deleo. cleave, crack.

Cs. to cause to burst, tear to expand, bloom, open

asunder.

cut, divide, split. to dispel, drive or chase

away

to wither.

, tearing, cutting a piece, portion,

detachment, body of troops. fragment.

clump, heap, quantity. a degree .. a half. the blade of a weapon

shoot, blade, petal, leaf. scabbard, sheath alloy, adulteration bursting, breaking, cutting, dividing, splitting. crushing, grinding.

, a clod by pieces, in fragments.

a piece of wood, timber.

broken, torn, burst, rent, split.

bisected opened, expanded

manifested, displayed driven asunder, dispelled, scattered crushed, trodden down, destroyed.

a weapon gold. shastra.

wheel fraud, dishonesty, sin.

Shiva .. Indra’s thunderbolt.

Indra.

a kind of wild honey tooth-ache.

pomegranate-tree.

[2]

Greek.

treachery, fraud, falsehood, deceit .. trick, artifice,

deception, cheat.

cunning, crafty .. deceitful, fraudulent, treacherous.

deceitfully, treacherously, artfully to deceive, beguile, betray; practise fraud.

treacherous, crafty, deceitful.

craftily, deceitfully.

crafty, deceitful spy, scout, sentinel .. lier in wait, assassin.

to act deceitfully; to deceive; circumvent, over-

reach, beguile, ensnare, flatter, seduce .. corrupt, adulterate, falsify. (cf

adulteration).

dagger, poniard .. topsail.

deceiving, imposition, deception .. cheat, fraud,

artifice, plot. = * long; tedious, prolix.

(?) * for a long time, far, afar. * slave

(?) = torch, firebrand .. flash, brightness .. light, lamp. = clearly, certainly, undoubtedly.

visible, manifest .. clear, evident, apparent ..

notorious, well-known, certain, sure .. transparent, pellucid .. shining, bright.

to manifest, make appear, show .. declare, express,

reveal, discover.

sign, token, mark, symptom.

visibly, clearly .. plainly, manifestly.

manifestation, revelation, declaration, discovery ..

brightness, brilliancy, transparency. = destroy, waste, lay waste .. injure, hurt, offend ..

corrupt, violate, debauch .. to trick, deceive, beguile.

injury, hurt, destruction; mischief, offence.

hurtful, pernicious, destructive .. destroyer, ravager injury, infliction of hurt .. destruction, ruin.

destroyer .. destructive.

poison, venom.

destructive .. poisonous, deadly. = wish, will, desire, inclination I wish, will, desire. =

[3]

Latin.

deleo

to destroy, annihilate, abolish .. efface, erase. deletrix

that which destroys = dolabra

an axe, hatchet, military implement. dolo

hew with axe .. work with axe or sharp weapon. cudgel dolo, dolonis wooden staff with iron point .. sting .. small

foresail. = dolus

fraud, deceit, guile, trick.

dolosus

crafty, deceitful, cunning. dolose

deceitfully, craftily. = doleo

to suffer pain, grieve, bewail .. to grieve, cause

pain dolenter

painfully, sorrowfully. dolor

pain, anguish; grief, sorrow; cause of sorrow. = dulcis

sweet, pleasant, agreeable

. dulce

sweetly dulcedo

sweet taste .. sweetness, charm .. desire. dulcesco

to become sweet dulciculus

somewhat sweet. dulciter

sweetly dulcitudo

sweetness. = dolium

a cask, jar

scabbard, sheath. doliolum

a small cask

[4]

Tamil St

foss´e .. s´esame sauvage .. ouragan

to bloom.

chose fendue, bris´ee, d´echir´ee .. ce qui est fleuri,

´epanoui creux, foss´e .. ´etang, r´eservoir.

accouplement, union. = cicatrice, empreinte de baguette, blessure .. faute,

tache, erreur de langue.

, -

bredouillement, b´egaiement.

vb. to

chitter, stammer

to be scarred, to make a mistake (se tromper). = embracing, caress, copulation .. acceptance embrassement, brass´ee.

vb. to embrace, surround,

accept .. press on the bosom .. s’accoupler, se mˆeler. = feuillage; jeune branche; jet, rejeton, pousse, feuille ..

ombrelle de plumes, queue de paon vb. pousser des feuilles, pousser, bourgeonner,

croˆıtre, s’´etendre, prosp´erer.

, -

pousse, bourgeonnement, croissance,

v´eg´etation.

, -

, - fertilit´e, abondance, augmentation ..

´etat florissant, bonheur, prosp´erit´e. = tal.atal.akkir.atu to shine, sparkle, glitter ..

to soften tal.atal.attal, -appu brilliance, glitter .. softening. tal.ukku splendour, lustre, brilliance; nose-ornament .. density vb. to shine, gleam, polish .. beat, to unite (rendre

une en battant) = tal.appat.i fatigue, lassitude .. tottering .. failure, unease, peine tal.appam relaxation, weakness, misery, peine; mediocrity. tal.ampal agitation, fluctuation, trembling .. ´ecluse, vanne. tal.ampu ´ecluse, vanne. tal.ampu vb. to be agitated, float, vacillate, tremble .. be

irresolute, uneasy, in distress. tal.aru vb. intr. to relax, soften, be undone, weaken, totter,

vacillate; hesitate, be cowardly, indolent, lax, soft, disconcerted, afflicted. tal.archchi cowardice, idleness, relaxation, slowness; softness,

flaccidity, languor, weakness, meagreness, distress; old age. tal.arttu vb. tr. to relax, loosen, undo, disband, soften,

weaken. tal.arvu relaxation, tottering, decay, softening, weakness,

nonchalance, loss of vigour. tal.l.am´ar.u vb. to totter, stagger, hesitate. tal.l.´at.u to vacillate, totter, sway, lean.

tal.l.´at.al, tal.l.´at.t.am tottering, agitation, decrepitude. = tal.am leaf, petal tal.ir bouton, bourgeon, pousse, rejeton, jet. vb. bourgeonner, pousser

Roots in n

Philological — Speculations —

is to move. We have also

night, B. intoxication, surrender to some form of vicious ecstasy,

, water, to lead;

in, on;

now,

etc. Sg. idea of inwardness, penetration, — absorption, ecstasy, — state of inclusion or rest, motion of entering or with a view to enter, so to move, lead, bring, push; regular purposeful motion (

);

, movement forward in the current;

, nubes,

pushing movement in the sky of the clouds.

going inwards into the self, state of absorption, ecstasy, quivering or ecstatic motion, ,

. Anything deep, intense,

blue.

Roots in p

Rt.

, () and the derivative roots.

Root. — , pais, paidos — boy, girl, child .. son, daughter .. slave, servant .. OS

Root

to be able, strong, so master, govern. Original meaning a slave; then a boy or girl slave. The genitive

from

, Rt (cf ) with the same sense as

, but also meaning, to beget, nurture, protect, cherish.

means of the nature of , subject, childish, with other derivative meanings, also a nursling, pupil, child, ward, pet, favourite.

, have all a passive significance.

— a little child, little boy, servant. OS

. The terminations

and

with the enclitic

give either an adjectival or a diminutive sense.

— infantile, childish. OS

. The termination or

gives invariably an adjectival sense.

— childish, boyish. OS

—

, , are all adjectival terminations.

[1]

Family Fundamental significance — Finality. Substantive ideas — Limit; limitation; close, end; confinement; closed space; movement in closed space, on fixed lines or to a goal; close or deep sound; extreme limit, superlativeness in quality; limitation off, rejection, discharge; close contact, compactness.

Specific meanings. 1s.t. class. Measurement by limitation. To limit, outline, define, measure, assign, assort, arrange, make, construct, display. 2d.. class. Confinement. To contain, embrace, comprise, enfold, confine, bind, be concave, hollow, have capacity; be confined, limited, narrow, dull. 3d.. class. Close contact. To be massed, massive, compact. 4t.h. class. Limitation, finality. Close, ending. To close, end, die, diminish, kill, impair, injure, wither. 5t.h. class. Close sound. To mutter, whisper, rustle, roar, bellow, wail. 6t.h. class. Movement. To move, dart, leap, circle; to [

] 7t.h. class. Superlative quality. To be strong, powerful, vigorous, luxuriant, swift, active; to grow, flourish, bloom, be soft, beautiful, brilliant. 8t.h. class. Rejection. To except, remove, reject, give up, loose, release, cast off, shoot; to renounce, give.

[2]

Primary Roots with M as the base:

, Time .. moon .. magical formula .. poison. a syllabic foot (three longs) .. Name of Br., Vishnu, Siva or Yama .. the fifth note in music ()

Water; happiness, welfare.

mine — from a lost OS word

, I; so

, etc.

self-idea, selfishness; feeling of meum; pride, individuality.

d[itt]o; affection, regard; attachment.

consisting of.

No, not; lest, that not.

Goddess of wealth; mother; measure.

measure, mark off, limit; compare; be in, be contained; infer, conclude; prepare, arrange; form, construct, build; make; mete out, assign; show, display; roar, sound.

measure, cause to measure.

wish to measure.

measuring; measure, standard; rule, rod; dimension, computation; proof, authority; likeness.

my, mine mother’s brother.

my, mine; selfish, covetous miser.

maternal uncle.

my, mine.

Primary Roots with M as the base:

, () measure; observe, perceive; build, erect;

establish; fix in the earth (Ved.)?; cast, throw, scatter.

Ved. column, post (that which measures).

measured, meted; bounded, defined, limited; moderate, little, sparing, scanty; measuring; investigated; cast, thrown; built, established.

the sea.

measuring; measure, weight; proof; determination; accurate knowledge.

Mitra.

friend.

friendship to be friendly To act as a friend, be friendly friendly.

friendly, winning friends.

friend.

() to kill, hurt, destroy, injure; to lessen; change; transgress, violate; be lost, go astray.

() to go, move; to know, comprehend.

( 4A) to die, perish.

fish.

= Makara.

ocean; drink; limit, boundary; particular part of a mountain.

( , ,

) exchange, barter.

a friend’s; friendly, kind; of Mitra.

a perfect Brahman; a tribe; a friend; anus.

friendship, goodwill; connection, intimacy; Anuradha.

friendship; evacuation of excrement; Anuradha.

, ,

(

Primary Roots with M as base:

, Shiva; bondage, confinement; final emancipation; funeral pile; tawny or reddish brown.

onion.

bind, fasten, tie.

bound, tied, confined; woven , (Ved.) woven basket, woven band of cloth; lump, collection.

urine.

die, perish.

to slay.

to wish or be about to die.

dead.

death .. alms.

dead man corpse, death .. ceremonial impurity by death of relation.

death mortality.

death, decease .. Yama .. Brahma, Vishnu, Kali, Maya .. god of love.

to hurt, kill.

mortal; earth.

mortal mortal, earth body.

(Ved.) Death .. the earth plague, murrain, epidemic.

emerald death .. a poison.

death.

mortal death, dying.

juice of flowers.

a granary.

soft, unctuous .. bland, tender.

flamingo, swan .. duck .. horse .. cloud .. collyrium .. pomegranate grove .. rogue, cheat.

, pepper shrub.

, black pepper.

ray, particle of light .. light .. mirage .. miser .. Marichi .. Krishna mirage.

radiant, lustrous.

Sun.

repeatedly rubbing.

desert, wilderness; mountain, rock; a kind of plant; abstinence from drinking .. the country of Maru.

peacock woman with high forehead.

wind, air, breeze .. breath .. Wind .. god .. a kind of plant (, or

)

wind .. god.

Marutta.

Maruvak plant cloud .. Indra .. Hanuman.

a duck.

a plant .. Rahu terrible, formidable.

Marjoram .. a lime .. tiger .. Rahu .. crane.

peacock; a kind of stag.

, Makara.

vital part; defect, failing; core, quick; joint; inner meaning, essence; secret, mystery, truth.

knowing secrets; acute, penetrating.

rustling, murmuring.

rustle, murmur.

to rustle, murmur.

a pine; turmeric.

A pauper; a wretch.

(Ved.) mortal.

man .. young man .. male .. lover, suitor .. stallion, horse .. camel.

(Ved.) little man .. male.

limit, boundary limit, boundary, frontier, border, verge; end, terminus; shore, bank; landmark; moral rule, propriety, decorum; contract, agreement.

keeping in bounds .. neighbour, borderer.

killing, slaughter; death; evil one; Love; love; obstacle, hindrance; thorn apple.

killing, destroying.

Kama; a destroyer; murderer; plague; hawk.

killing, slaying .. a poison.

pestilence; killing, ruin plague.

slain, ruined, destroyed.

dying; killing.

plague, epidemic.

belonging to emerald.

desert ..

peppery.

peppered.

word of respectful address.

of Marichi; Maricha; royal elephant; a plant; sacrificing priest; Kashyapa.

mother of Buddha collection of pepper-shrubs serpent’s egg; cowdung; way, road; a place covered with cowdung.

of the Maruts .. aerial, windy.

wind; Vayu; breath; trunk of elephant.

N.W.

Svati.

Hanuman; Bhima.

Name of ancient sage Sun; arka tree; hog; 12.

earthen.

a pitcher; lid of pitcher.

clod, lump of earth.

mortal.

mortality.

deeply versed.

[3]

— crocodile .. a vyuha, earring, nyasa; tenth arc of 30o; one of the nine treasures.

the Ocean female crocodile honey of flowers; a kind of jasmine; cuckoo; a bee; a kind of fragrant mango tree a filament crown.

a Government order addressed to the Sudras a mirror; the Bakula tree; bud; Arabian jasmine; the rod or handle of a potter’s wheel.

the Bakul tree , a kind of kidney bean or rice slow bud; tree called go, move a dangerous kind of abscess in abdomen, in pregnancy.

benzoin, red chalk.

chalk.

to accumulate, heap, collect; be angry wrath; hypocrisy; multitude, collection the piyala tree , fly, bee , go, move, creep.

Vd. adorable, fit for offerings? lively, active, cheerful Vd. wishing for wealth or sacrifice; lively, cheerful a sacrificial rite.

a Magian; a priest of the Sun Magadha; bard, minstrel town of Magadha; long pepper.

to surround; serve, be slave; attend upon.

one of the Dwipas; a country; a drug or medicine; pleasure; Magha.

a kind of flower; gift, present; wealth, riches (Vd.)

, ,

Indra; Vyasa; liberal, munificent; an owl.

the tenth asterism (5).

, - Venus.

to go, move; decorate, adorn.

a forest conflagration a mirror.

greaves.

immediately, quickly; exceedingly, very much; truly; really.

a royal bard; a mendicant.

to go, move.

auspicious, lucky; fortunate, prosperous; brave.

auspiciousness; good fortune, felicity; well-being, welfare, good; good omen, blessing; auspicious object, event, rite; ancient custom; turmeric the planet Mars .. Agni.

, - a faithful wife; Durga; durva grass auspicious etc; pleasing, beautiful; holy, pure, pious sacred fig; cocoanut tree; a sort of pulse; the Bel tree.

a fragrant sandal; Durga; an aloe-wood; a perfume; a yellow pigment auspicious water; gold, red lead; sandal-wood; sour curds a kind of pulse (

)

a boat, ship.

to adorn, decorate; (A[tmanepada]) to cheat; begin; blame, censure; go, move, move quickly; start, set out.

Mango tree.

myrobalan; yellow sandal; city on Ganges moon.

sacrificial.

long pepper; white cumin; refined sugar; a variety of cardamom, anise.

a female crab flower of kunda creeper to wish, desire, long for.

a goat goat; a mountain belt, zone; slope of a mountain; hips; sword-belt, sword-knot; horse-girth; Narmada Shiva; Brahmacharin.

Shiva.

cloud; mass, multitude; a fragrant grass; one of the six Ragas.

onion liberation; moksha.

crown, tiara; crest, peak, point.

cracking the fingers.

Vishnu; quicksilver; a precious stone; a kind of drum; one of the nine treasures.

a kind of grain; onion.

mirror, looking-glass; bud; handle of a potter’s wheel; Bakula tree; mallika creeper.

, bud; body; soul or spirit.

, a kind of bean.

loosened; relaxed; liberated; abandoned, taken off; thrown, hurled, ejected, fallen; given; emitted; deprived missile; simple prose; a detached stanza.

pearl; courtesan; name of plant.

release; freedom; moksha; abandonment; discharge, throwing; payment; opening, unloosing.

mouth; face, countenance; muzzle, snout; front, van, top, tip, head, pointed edge; teat, nipple; beak, bill; direction, quarter; opening, mouth; entrance, door; means; beginning; introduction; principal; source;

cause; surface; utterance; Vedas; starting point of dramatic action; first term in progression; side opposite base.

a beggar.

garrulous; noisy, sounding; expressive of; abusive, mocking.

crow; leader; conchshell.

to cause to sound, talk; notify bit of bridle cause to resound or talk.

bit; conversation.

being at the top of the mouth; chief; leader.

principal rite; reading or teaching Vedas; month between new moons.

preeminence.

chiefly, principally, above all.

a kind of gallinule cast off skin release, set free; untie, undo; wrest away; cast, fling; shed; detach, extract.

liberation, rescue, emancipation; death; falling off; loosening, unbinding; shedding, discharging; scattering; payment; end of eclipse; a tree.

delivering; deliverer.

liberating, deliverance, loosening; resigning; shedding, squandering, discharging.

desirous of emancipation, emancipated.

vain, useless; aimless; left, abandoned; idle.

fence, enclosure, hedge.

trumpet-flower in vain, to no purpose, uselessly.

to render useless, frustrate.

crow.

pearl.

dumbness.

precedence, superiority garrulity, abuse uselessness.

seek, search for; hunt, pursue; aim at, strive for; examine, investigate; ask for, beg; visit, frequent.

animal; wild beast; deer; game; musk; seeking, search; pursuit, inquiry, soliciting; particular class of men; Mrigasirsha; a month; Makara; a district in Shakadwipa.

searching; investigation.

(Vedic) a wild animal.

hunting, chase.

hunter, fowler; jackal; Brahman.

hunting; target, butt.

hunted, sought, solicited.

a female deer .. epilepsy; a class of women.

to be sought, hunted.

Vd. cleaning; perishing.

vital breath; ape, monkey spider.

ape, monkey; spider; crane; a coitus; a poison.

ape; spider; a fish; a grain.

a pot, vessel; cavity, cavern, hollow; barren woman.

Son of Mrikanda.

to seek after; strive after; hunt, chase; trace; solicit; ask in marriage; go, move; decorate, adorn.

way, path; course, passage; reach, range; scar, mark; channel; canal; search; mode, style, custom; ground for litigation; high style in art; hinting future dramatic development; section; anus; Mrigasirsha, Margasirsha.

Margasirsha.

, - begging, seeking, investigation seeking, inquiring, begging; beggar; arrow; 5 beggar, suppliant.

, -

a month , -

full moon day of M.

traveller; hunter.

pioneer, guide, leader

[4]

— Sanscrit maka — 1. enfant, poupon, age tendre. 2. offrande.

to embrace, to give. mahaka — tortue. mahakan — homme excellent, distingu´e, Vichnou. (Rt

) mahankaram — orgueil. (Rt

) mahasam — connaissance, sorte, esp`ece (Rt

)

From

= vijnana.

— mahadu — jeune fille, femme. Rt

, hermaphrodite.

, ´etat de fille.

(magadhai), poivre long, piment.

The Root mal

[1]

Rt mal.

a = a, o, e, u.

Lat. mollis; malus; mel, mellis; mulceo; mulgio; malleus; malum; multus; mulciber.

Gr.

mellay.

[2]

The Root

in Greek I. Forms in which the vowel remains unmodified.

very, greatly, vehemently, exceedingly; by all means, surely. OS

mala. Accusative case of the root substantive , mal, meaning abundance, copiousness. Root meaning, to flourish, thrive.

poultice, plaster, balm, anodyne. OS ,

softening, alleviation, caressing; balm, anodyne; softening application of oil, etc. Root

to be soft, soften; +

with the connecting enclitic

, implying effective and persistent application, +

, nominal root, with the idea of fact or substantiality.

soft; soothing; mild; effeminate; negligent. OS

, root

to be soft with the common adjectival suffix

pre-ceded by the connecting enclitic

. ( is in sense qualitative and possessive.)

softness, effeminacy, sickness. OS

. Feminine nominal suffix

implying often the abstract quality peculiar to the adjective or noun to the stem of which it is attached. Later Sanscrit preferred

etc. Cf

, , ,

and the more frequent neuter form in answering to the Greek

I soften, soothe, unman. Greek formation. OS verbal form in

with a frequentative sense, preserved in words like , preceded by connecting enclitic

softness. OS

; the nominal suffix

describing an abstract quality was replaced in later Sanscrit by

I soften, make effeminate. Greek formation. OS conjugational termination

() preceded by the long con-necting enclitic

softly. OS

adverbial suffix

, as in modern Sanscrit

, humbly,

, eternally.

was in Old Sanscrit the commoner alternative form.

I soften, mitigate, relax. OS

(), Nominal Verb, from the adjective

, soft.

mallows. OS

from Rt

to thrive, flourish, be plump, with the adjectival suffix

Bright, clear .. hot, burning, consuming. OS

, (remaining in Tamil malar, a flower) blooming, bright, prosperous, strong, energetic, forcible. Rt

to bloom, flourish, with the nominal suffix

preceded by the connecting enclitic . ( is in sense possessive with an action outward on the surroundings.)

Armpit. OS

, down, hair on the body; a place where such hair is specially plentiful. Rt

to bloom, flourish.

Soft wax; a wax tablet. OS

(feminine). Rt

to be soft, with nominal suffix

; softness, down, velvet, wax .. strength.

soft. OS

, alternative form to

, from derivative root

to soften.

soft. OS

(), alternative form to and formed in the same way, but from root

. The became

in Greek, modified to

. Rt

, to be soft.

long hair. OS

a wreath, a garland, braid. Rt to bloom.

a plant, flower, garden;

, a collection of flowers, wreath, garland,

, anything made of flowers. Rt

to bloom.

most. OS

, superlative of

, strong, abundant, copious.

to be benumbed, shrivelled, torpid. OS

. Latin mulceo. In transitive sense, to soften, knead, relax, unnerve; in intransitive, to be softened, compressed, contracted. Rt to be soft.

numbness, torpidity. OS

, the state of softness, relaxation or unreserved contraction .. the discomfort, shrinking that results from cold.

more. OS

comparative of

, strong, abounding.

; fleece, wool, lock of hair. OS

, luxuriant growth, down, fleece etc. from Rt

, to thrive, flourish, with the adjectival suffix

, giving a sense of abundance.

woolly, downy, soft. Provincial form

instead of from nominal verb

, to strengthen, thicken, soften. Cf Latin vallatus from vallum and vallo. OS and .

soft, tender, downy. OS

, soft, tender, sweet; strong, abundant, copious.

[3]

Derivatives of the Root

in Sanscrit.

( , ) to hold, possess. From O.S. Rt

to contain, embrace, hold.

Dirty, foul (physically or morally). From Rt

to fade, be tarnished, soiled, dirty + nominal termination , Dirt, filth, impurity (physical or moral). Peculiar uses — camphor (from Rt

to be sweet, referring to the scent; cf

, mel = honey) .. leather .. cuttlefish bone.

Crushing, grinding. From Rt

to be strong, used with transitive sense, to use strength upon, labour, work, knead, crush, grind. Cf

, a wrestler, Greek

; Latin moles, mass and moliri, to work with labour or difficulty from the kindred root

Tent. From Rt

to contain. Literally, a tenement, abode.

The Southern mountain .. garden .. side of a mountain (Rt

to bloom, be verdant, luxuriant + vague adjectival termination

answering to English ish, ly).

to be sweet, soft, forming

honey, sweetness, enjoyment, love, a sweet or an impure secretion + adjectival suffix ˆaka, (lengthened form of aka, Lat. acus, Gr.

), 1. an amorous woman. 2. a female friend, confidante. 3. a female elephant.

Possession, enjoyment. Rt

to possess, embrace, enjoy + nominal termination

King. From Rt

to possess.

Foul, soiled, dark, vile. From Rt

to be soiled, faded + adjectival termination

Sin, fault, guilt. (The same). Butter-milk .. Borax. (From secretion, juice +

meaning “of the nature of a secretion or extract”)

. Derivatives of

From

, bloom; honey; sweetness, fragrance; an impure secretion; foulness, fault, defect +

thief, robber, remover. Originally, a bee, thief of honey; then generally 1. a robber, thief; 2. a demon (fiend, enemy); 3. gnat, mosquito; 4. air or wind (stealer of fragrance); 5. a Brahmana neglecting the Yajnas, but still enjoying Brahmin privileges. 6. Fire, the remover of impurities. 7. An intercalary month, (removing the defect of the calendar). 8. Frost or snow, remover of sweetness or pleasure.

A woman in her course. Superlative from

in the same sense as

Sanscrit. (Apte)

to hold, possess (1A. 10U.)

dirty; mean; wicked; godless.

dirt, impurity; dregs, sediment, excrement; dross, rust, alloy; sin; bodily excretions; camphor; cuttlefish bone; tanned leather, leather garment; the bodily humours.

a kind of base metal.

dirty, foul.

crushing, grinding.

tent.

garden; Indra’s garden; mountain-side; Malay (the mountain).

an amorous woman; female friend, messenger, confidante; female elephant.

possession; enjoyment.

a king.

dirty, impure, soiled; sinful; low, vile; clouded, obscured.

sin, fault; buttermilk; borax.

, menstruous woman.

dirtiness, filth, sinfulness.

to dirty, stain, defile, spoil.

dirty, spoiled.

dirtiness, foulness; sin, impurity; darkness.

to soil, stain; darken, obscure.

to become dirty, impure etc.

gnat; thief; air, breeze; fire; intercalary month; a demon; a Brahmin who neglects his daily yajna; frost, snow; a chitraka tree.

a woman in her courses.

dirty, impure etc (); iron; green vitriol.

to hold, possess.

strong, robust; excellent.

strong man, wrestler, athlete; drinking vessel; remnants of oblation; cheek and temple; mixed caste (outcast Ksh. [Kshatriya] by Ksh. woman); the Malla race and country.

a woman; Arabian jasmine; ornamenting with cosmetics or coloured unguents.

lamp stand; oil vessel; lamp; cup of cocoanut shell; a tooth; a kind of jasmine.

one of the six Ragas.

a kind of jasmine.

mushroom.

a kind of goose; Magh month; shuttle; a kind of jasmine; lampstand; an earthern vessel of a particular form.

thief.

bear.

rust of iron.

district in west Bengal; a mountain tribe; name of Vishnu.

field; high ground; wood near village; fraud, deceit.

nym tree; wood near village (park); pot of cocoa-nut shell.

garland.

name of a Raga.

a kind of jasmine; bud, blossom; virgin, young woman; night; moonlight.

Sandalwood ()

Malwa or its people; name of a Raga.

Malwa; inhabitant of Malwa.

a plant.

garland, wreath; series, line; group, collection; string, necklace, chain; streak; technical term in drama.

florist, gardener; dyer, painter; wreathmaker; a kind of bird.

garland, etc; a jasmine; linseed; daughter; palace; a bird; intoxicating drink.

wreathed; engirt.

garlanded.

gardener; florist.

female florist; city of Champa; seven year old girl, Durga at Durga festival; Durga; celestial Ganges; name of a metre, of a river, of Bibhishana’s mother; of Draupadi at Virat’s court.

florist.

relating to garland.

garland; flower.

wreathed; name of a mountain; maternal uncle of Ravana.

foulness; affliction.

a creeper; woman.

a kind of snake.

bel-tree; kapittha tree.

large cardamom.

a mixed caste.

wrestling-match.

Root

to join, meet, accompany, gather; unite; encounter; close with; embrace; find, fall in with; concur; come to pass, happen.

joining; meeting, union, assembling; encounter; contact, mixture.

joined; come together, met, assembled; encountered; combined; mixed; put together, taken together.

bee.

a kind of snake.

an epithet of Shiva.

meeting, union; intercourse; assembly, company; fair.

union, junction, association; mixture; an encounter; fight.

union, intercourse; company, assembly, society; antimony; indigo-plant; ink; a musical scale.

uniting, collecting; a crowd; assembly; conjunction of planets.

combination, conjunction.

bee.

close, close the eyes, wink, twinkle; close, be closed; fade, disappear, vanish; meet.

closing of eyes, winking, twinkling; closing of flower; a concealed simile.

shut, closed; twinkled; half-shut, unblown; vanished, disappeared; assembled; a figure in rhetoric.

Root (10)

to plant.

to take root, stand fast; (caus.) to plant, rear; grow, sprout, germinate.

root; extremity, lowest part; end, base, edge; foot, bottom; beginning, origin, cause, basis; original text; capital, principal, stock; vicinity; hereditary servant; square root; one’s own territory, base; vendor, not true owner; capital city; aboriginal; thicket, copse, arbour; nineteenth asterism, Mula.

rooted in, springing from, based on; born under Mula.

radish.

a poison.

a plant; Mula.

radical, original; primary, principal; living on roots.

ascetic.

root; collection of roots.

tree.

plant, tree; (adj.) growing from a root.

small house lizard.

king; Indian spikenard.

at the root; to be eradicated; purchasable.

price, cost; wages, salary, hire; gain; capital, principal; original value; purchasable article.

radical; original; ancient; nobly born; hereditary.

hereditary minister.

head, foremost, best.

head, crown of the head; top; crown, tiara; hair on crown, tuft, lock, braid; earth; Asoca.

earth.

radical; chief, prime; inferior.

dealer in roots, root-digger.

crowned.

price.

Contracted roots of the Class (10)

cut, divide.

indistinct, spoken indistinctly; barbarous; withered, faded.

indistinct or barbarous speech.

to go, move (

)

barbarian; outcast; sinner; foreign speech.

copper.

speaking indistinctly, confusedly, in a barbarous tongue.

spoken indistinctly.

a foreign tongue; ungrammatical speech.

foreign or barbarous speech.

to be mad.

to worship, serve.

to fade, wither; grow weary, exhausted; languish; be downcast; become thin; decline; disappear, vanish.

faded, withered; tanned white.

faded, withered; weary, languid; feeble, weak, faint; dejected; black, dirty.

fading, withering.

fading, decay; languor, lassitude; dejection; foulness.

withering; declining.

d[itt]o.

becoming faded, growing thin, languid or weary.

Greek.

;

very much, very, greatly; surely.

;

more.

;

most.

;

bright, clear; hot, burning, consuming.

;

poultice, plaster, balm, anodyne.

;

soft, soothing, mild; effeminate; negligent.

;

softness, effeminacy; sickness.

;

soften, soothe, unman.

;

softness.

;

soften, make effeminate.

;

softly.

;

soften; make effeminate.

;

mallows.

;

armpit.

;

soft wax, wax tablet.

;

soft, etc. see ;

soften.

;

long hair.

;

be benumbed, shrivelled, torpid.

;

numbness, torpidity.

;

fleece, wool, lock of hair.

;

soft, woolly, downy.

;

soft, tender, downy.

;

apple, quince; apple tree; sheep; small cattle; property, substance; pet, darling.

;

cheeks, breasts, lips; glands in throat; inflammation or disease of the eye.

;

to gather apples.

;

a beetle living on apple blossoms.

;

apple tree.

;

probe.

;

nymphs of apple trees.

;

of sheep, ovine.

;

made of apples, the juice of apples.

;

feed sheep, herd, graze.

;

shepherdess.

;

shepherd.

;

shepherd.

;

fed on by sheep, pastured, good for pasture; wild, desert.

;

receiving sheep (temple)

;

a priest.

; shepherd.

;

shepherd.

; rosy-cheeked, blooming.

;

Melos.

; planted with apple trees.

; to sacrifice sheep.

; feeding sheep.

;

to bear or produce apples.

;

to probe, syringe, dress; plunge, dip, immerge.

;

sheepskin.

;

ear-picker, probe.

;

rosy; ruddy.

[4]

Gr.

very, much.

plaster, anodyne, balm.

softness.

soft, effeminate.

impotent, barren

softness.

to soften to soften mallows.

hot, burning, consuming

bright, clear

armpit soft wax, wax tablet soft; sweet, melting.

long hair.

an apple-tree.

to be shrivelled with cold,

benumbed, torpid

numbness.

fleece, wool, down,

lock of hair.

fleecy, hairy, soft.

soft, downy.

a kind of beetle to gather apples an apple-tree a probe apple, quince, round fruit.

sheep, small cattle,

property.

(plu.) cheeks, breasts, lips,

pet, darling.

to probe, syringe,

plunge, dip, immerge.

ear-picker, probe a sheepskin.

a leathern bag or bottle, (Ae. ) a simpleton,

an extortioner, peculator.

to have come.

lead lead or

leaden scarcely, with difficulty.

beggar, parasite a kind of herb

labour, battle, confusion,

tumult

mallows.

a song, air.

to discolour, stain, dye;

to corrupt, defile, taint.

pollution, defilement.

ridgebeam, roof, house.

roof, vault; form into cells

or chambers.

to blacken.

a disease of the eyes.

a black poppy blackness, darkness blacking, dirt

black, gloomy darkness, blackness;

mole

soften, liquefy, melt;

boil up so cook

regard, take care of.

to be troubled,

care, anxiety.

anxious, agitated.

guardian, steward;

trouble, perplexity,

king, ruler.

agitation, shock.

care, anxiety.

, trouble, confusion,

it is a care, concern

disorder,

asunder, piecemeal

embarrassment.

fruitless, vain;

wretched, unhappy.

take care of, mind;

meditate, study; practise.

care, meditation, practice care, study, institution

schoolroom, study ..

instrument.

anxious, careful contemplative;

murmuring

practised; attainable

by care.

one who has a care for solicitude, concern.

object of care, concern.

renowned, interesting

honey ashtree; spear, shaft.

melodious.

etc

sing.

harmonious, sweet.

a singer, musician honied, sweet (Venus).

a coarse grain made of ash.

song, tune.

bee, priestess a keeper of bees.

belonging to bees.

a singer.

borage, honeysuckle sweet, calm.

to sweeten.

sweet as honey.

confectionery milk.

delay loiterer to be about to, intend ..

delay, hesitate

member, limb,

song, verse, tune

song, dance, sport to sing.

to sing mournfully to sing, play.

music, harmony.

balm, soothing ..

offering to dead

present, dowry.

to sweeten, please,

appease.

gentleness, blandishment gentle, courteous,

conciliatory

The Root val

[1]

Strength.

valde. (

)

valeo. ()

valens.

Valerius, from ,

valesco.

valetudo

valide. validus.

vallo — to fortify, enwall.

vallus. palisade — post, stake

valvae.

folding doors.

vel — especially, also, even, or.

velut — as, as though, as for instance.

velox — swift.

valgus vulcanus vulgo vulgus. vulgo

[2]

VAL.

Derivatives of the Aryan root val in Latin.

I Word retaining the root unchanged.

Valde: very, exceedingly. Contracted from valide. O.S. valitˆa, with strength, strongly, forcibly; eminently, to excess. Instrumental case of valit, strength. Rt val with nominal suffix t preceded by the enclitic i. Valedico: I say farewell. Latin compound from vale and dico. Valens: strong, powerful... well, healthy. O.S. valan, dialectical form valans, strong, flourishing. Rt val with nominal suffix n preceded by the enclitic a. Valenter: strongly, powerfully. For valent-ter; the stem of valens with the suffix ter answering to the O.S. termination tas in itas, tatas, sarvatas, etc, originally tar, meaning way or side. Cf Mahratti tar, tarhi (Sanscrit), Bengali ta or to.

Valentulus: strong. Latin analogical formation. Valent, stem of valens, and O.S. diminutive suffix ulas. Valeo: I am strong, avail, am well... am worth, signify. O.S. valayˆa(mi), I luxuriate, am strong, flourish, am well. Habitua-tive, (also causal) of Rt val. Valerius. Name of a Roman gens or kula. O.S. Valaryas, patronymic from valaras, strong, powerful, used as a proper name. Rt val with nominal suffix ra preceded by the enclitic a. Valesco: I grow strong. O.S. valakshˆa(mi). Progressive of val. Valetudinarius: sickly. Analogical Latin formation from valetudo (stem in) by adding O.S. ˆaryas or aryas, double adjectival suffix from ˆara or ara, used also in patronymics as in valarya above. Cf vara and varya. Valetudo (stem in): health, good or bad. O.S. valatudˆa, state of health formed from valat, health by adding da (danam, like ma, manam in mahima) preceded by the enclitic u. Valgus: bandylegged... crooked, wry (e.g. valga suavia). O.S. valgas, crooked, curving. Rt val to turn, bend, with the nominal suffix ga. Valgius: name of a Roman gens. O.S. valgyas, patronymic from valga. Valide: strongly, powerfully. O.S. valitˆa with strength, strongly. See valde. Validus: strong, powerful, healthy; superior. O.S. valitas, strong from val, past participle with active and adjectival sense. Rt val with nominal suffix ta preceded by the enclitic i. Vallaris: of the wall. Analogical Latin formation from vallum by adding to the stem valla the termination aris, O.S. aris which is the common nominal suffix ri (also ra, ru) preceded by the enclitic a. Cf vallari, Murari, wrongly translated slayer or enemy of Mura, really meaning Protector of Defender, from mur, to protect, (cf murus, wall). Vallis: valley, hollow. O.S. vallis, a hollow, cup, depression. Rt val, to bend, curve with nominal suffix li. The modern Sanscrit vallis, a creeper, is derived from the sense of to luxuriate, flourish, but it has a rare meaning, earth, the curving earth, Vallo: I stockade, enwall, fortify. O.S. valla(mi) I strengthen. Nominal verb from vallam, strong. Vallum: a stockade, wall, defence. O.S. vallam, strong; a strong place, stronghold, fortification. Rt val, to be strong with nominal suffix la. Vallus: a palisade; post or stake of the palisade. O.S. vallas, a prop, post, stake, place of defence. See vallum. Valvae: folding doors. O.S. valva, curving, folding, rolling, wheeling (feminine valvˆa). Rt val, to turn, fold, roll, wheel, with the nominal suffix va. Valvatus: provided with folding doors. Analogical Latin formation from valvae by adding the participial termination atus to the stem. O.S. ˆatas, nominal suffix ta with the long enclitic ˆa.

[A draft of the preceding continues:]

vel — or; and also; or even; actually; especially. OS

acc.

, originally a substantive, meaning strength, force, increase. (Rt val — to flourish, be strong; adverbially — especially, even, in addition; or even. Cf velut.) Velleius — name of a Roman gens. Patronymic

from strong, flourishing (= Floreus). Rt

and modificant with the terminal enclitic

. vellicatio — plucking .. carping. Analogical Latin formation from vellicatus, PP of vellico, by adding substantival termination io (ionem) OS

to the stem vellicat. vellico — I pluck, twitch .. carp at. OS Nom.

from Noun Rt

and nominal

preceded by enclitic

. vello — pluck, twitch, pull. OS

, Intensive of

to bend, twine, twitch. vellus, G. velleris — wool, hide. OS

, G.

. Thick curling hair, fleece. Rt

to bend, curl, flourish and nominal termination

, preceded by enclitic

. velut(i) — even as, just as. OS

Nominative, Locative identical in meaning with

— originally a substantive (Rt and nominal

with enclitic

) meaning strength, force, increase, addition.

vola — hollow of hand or foot. OS

hollow. Rt

to curve, bend, with feminine nominal termination

. Cf vallis. volaticus — flying .. fleeting, inconstant. Analogical Latin formation from participial stem volat (volo, I fly) by adding adjectival termination icus (,

with enclitics

and

). volatilis — winged, rapid, fleeting. Analogical Latin formation from the same stem by adding adjectival termination ilis ( = with enclitic

connective, before and after.) volatus — flying; flight. OS

. Rt

to wheel, gyre, fly in curves, with lengthened enclitic

and compound nominal termination

(composed of nominal

and nominal

preceded by enclitic ) volemum — a kind of pear. OS

to curve, be round, plump and nominal suffix

preceded by enclitic and followed by neuter termination

. Originally an adjective, meaning round and plump.

Roots in s

Greek Sanscrit — Gr.

Att.

for

for ( )

(M.

, B.

)

towel, napkin, cloth priests of Bacchus obscene rites shout of Bacchanals to riot, indulge indecently Bacchus ,

battle axe, hatchet sword, scimitar, Persian sword covering, cloak armour, harness, trappings covering for horse, saddle, pad load or burden for beast soldier’s cloak, cassock net, fishing net net, catch .. carry away old, rotten, decayed obscene corrupt, destroy, putrefy Linga to move, shake, waver shake off, thrust away wag the tail, fawn, flatter, coax adj. fawning, wagging tail clean, sweep, brush gape, open mouth, laugh, grin, snarl gnash the teeth ,

shield, buckler, target shield-bearer sack, sackcloth, haircloth strainer little bag — pad, cushion a kind of snowshoes for horses to pass through bag, filter, purify lament, bewail boasting, bragging, one who apes the rich salamander window, chink, hole guardian idol at door shake, to gather down fill up, fill to the brim